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World History 1-3
Neolithic Revolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does the Neolithic Revolution enable the rise of civilization? | The surplus of food allowed cities to grow and develop culture, science and industry. |
| Define civilization | It is an advanced stage of society created by humans with organized government, culture, science and industry. |
| What is the derivation of this word? | civilization” relates to the Latin word “civitas” or “city.” |
| Therefore what is the central feature of civilization? | Cities are at the center of all early civilizations. |
| Identify and describe the first four human civilizations | Sumer, Pakistan, Egypt and China |
| Sumer was located in | middle east by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |
| Egypt is located near | the Nile River |
| Pakistan is near | the Indus River |
| The Chinese Shang people lived near | the Huang and Yellow River. |
| What benefits did the four river valleys offer Neolithic farmers? | Fertile soil, fresh water and transportation. Also, animals that drank from the river could be hunted for food. |
| What were the consequences of these benefits? | food surplus and trading |
| Define silt | fine rich soil |
| How was silt another benefit of the river valleys? | It is good for crops. |
| How did these river valley peoples respond to the problem of flooding? | They had to redraw boundaries washed away by the river They built irrigation ditches and dikes to control the water |
| What needs contributed to the rise of strong, well organized governments, in the river valleys? | The need for complex flood control and irrigation projects |
| Identify the Mesoamerican civilizations | Olmec, Aztec, Maya and Incas |
| How did Mesoamerican civilizations differ from the earliest civilizations? | They did not develop in river valleys |
| Where was the Incan civilization located? | The Inca civilization began in South America in Chile and Peru near the Andes mountains. |
| How did they agriculturally respond to their environment? | They made step terraces of flat land on steep hillsides. |
| What is the term for this type of agriculture? | terraced farming |
| How did the people of the steppes respond to their environment? | The people living in the steppes were nomadic and followed their food. |
| In addition to the cities themselves (recall cities are the central feature of early civilizations), what other features distinguish civilizations from other cultures? | Well-organized government Complex religions Job specialization Social classes Arts and architecture Public works Writing |
| How did the governments of the river valley civilizations change with time? | Governments became more complex, with laws, taxes and systems of defense. More departments were formed. All this was to ensure there was enough food. |
| What social class probably had the most power, in these first cities? How did this change with time? Why? | Priests had the most power in the beginning. Later warrior kings became political leaders They believed the right to rule came from the gods. |
| Define the term hereditary rule. | Fathers pass power to their sons |
| What are the two sources of power for most of these early hereditary rulers? | Religious power and political power |
| Define bureaucracy. | Bureaucracy-government is run by officials in a hierarchy |
| How does the increasing responsibilities of early government lead to the development of bureaucracy? Explain. | As government became more complex separate departments were formed to oversee different functions |
| Like their Stone Age ancestors, early civilizations were both polytheistic and animist. Define and explain. | Polytheistic means they believed in many gods. Animism believed in the spirits of animals and plants and inanimate objects |
| Poly means | many |
| Theo means | god |
| In what activities did the peoples of early civilizations engage, in order to gain the favor of their gods? | Early people held ceremonies with complex rituals, dances, prayers and hymns |
| How does this relate to the rise of the priest-kings? | Priests were needed to supervise temples, sacrifices and ceremonies. |
| How does the rise of cities affect job specialization? | In cities people developed new crafts and had jobs because they were masters. Not everyone could do all the jobs needed in a complex society. |
| Define artisans | Artisans are skilled craftsmen that specialize in one craft. |
| Examples of artisan crafts are | Pottery, carving weaving, metalwork,bricklayers, soldiers, singers, dancers |
| What are the consequences of increased job specialization? | Specialization made people dependent on each other. |
| Define traditional economy | Traditional economy relies on custom or tradition and changes very little over time. |
| Identify and describe the social, economic and political hierarchy of the early civilizations. | From top to bottom-priests and nobles, merchants, artisans and last peasant farmers |
| What geometric form best represents the social class structure of early civilizations? | A triangle represents this social class structure |
| How might one become a slave, in the ancient world? | Sold by family to pay debts Prisoners captured in battle Mostly women and children-men were often killed |
| What are some examples of the vast public works undertaken in these early cities? | Irrigation systems Roads Bridges Defensive walls |
| What was the political consequence of these efforts? | Some lives were lost in the building Cities were protected and had food Rulers were respected |
| Where did writing begin or what need led to the first writing? | Writing began in temples because priests needed to record rituals and prayers |
| What were some other applications or needs that would have encouraged the development of early writing? | Records were kept about the seasons, what crops were planted and how much was harvested Examples:treaties, tax rolls and marriage contracts |
| What do all writing systems share in common? | All writing was created to keep records |
| What types of interactions took place between city dwellers and nomadic peoples? | Nomads and city dwellers met through trade or warfare |
| What often occurred when a nomadic tribe conquered a city? | Nomad conquerors often gave up there ways and became city dwellers |
| What factors might contribute to changes in a civilization? | Changing physical environment-rain and fertile soil, earthquakes, flood and volcanoes-stone, timber and metals Interactions between people-spreading ideas, customs and technology through trade and warfare |
| Identify and describe cultural diffusion | Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas, customs and technologies between groups of people |
| What are some of the vehicles of cultural diffusion? | Migration, trade and warfare helped cultural diffusion happen |
| What factors might lead to migration? | Famine, drought and natural disasters can lead to migration |
| Identify and describe City-States | City-state is a political unit that includes the city and its surrounding land and villages. |
| Define the term empire | A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler |
| Define steppes | Steppes are dry grasslands that are good for tending livestock |
Created by:
chuckie11
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