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ling 1
2. description and classification of sounds
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| consonants can be classified according to ? | place, manner |
| bilabial ? | - lips r pressed together tounge in rest position -eg: p,b,m,w |
| labio-dental | - lower lips is brought up against the upper front teeth - eg: f,v |
| inter-dental/Dental | - lưỡi ở giữa hàm răng - / θ, ð/ |
| alveolar | -tip of the tongue touches alveolar ridge -eg: t, d, z, l, n s |
| alveolo-palatal | front of the tongue is raised to between alveolar ridge and palate -eg: shin [ʃ], chin [tʃ], gin [dʒ] and vision [ʒ] , /r/ |
| palatal | - the front of tongue is brought up against hard palate - eg: /j/ |
| velar | - the back of the tongue is bought into contact with the velum - eg: k,g, ŋ |
| glottal | - vocal cords as articulators, make a brief closure - /h/ |
| stop (oral stop/plosive) | /p,t,k,b,d,g/ |
| nasal stop | /m,n,ŋ/ |
| Fricative/ Spirant | /f/: far /v/: save, of /θ/: think /ð/: those /s/: sir, race /z/: zoo, rise /ʃ/: sharp, chef, pressure, sugar, motion /ʒ/: beige, Asia, pleasure /h/: ahead |
| Affricative | /tʃ/: cheese, catch, digestion, gesture /dʒ/: agenda, jar, hedge |
| lateral (belongs to Approximant) | l |
| Retroflex (belongs to Approximant) | r |
| Glide (belongs to Approximant) | w, j |
| voiced | b, v , ð,d,z, r, ʤ, l,m,n,j,g,ŋ,w |
| voicedless | /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /θ/, /s/, /∫/, / t∫/, /h/ |
| f | voiceless labiodental fricative |
| ,d | voiced alveolar plosive |
| /θ/ | voiceless interdental fricative |
| ,j, | voiced palatal approximant (glide) |
| g | voiced velar plosive |
| / t∫/, | voiceless alveolo-palatal affricative |
| /h/ | voiceless glottal fricative |
| ŋ | voiced velar nasal |
| b | voiced bilabial stop |
| v | voiced labio-dental fricative |
| l | voiced aveolar lateral |
| voiceless palato-alveolar affricative | / t∫/, |
| ð | voiced dental fricative |
| vowels (monophthongs) can be classified according to three variables ? | 1.tongue height 2. part of the tongue which is raised 3. degree of lip rounding |
| According to tongue height, how many classifications of vowels ? | 1. high 2. low 3.mid |
| high vowels ? | /i:/,/ u:/ |
| low vowels ? | ɑ:,æ |
| mid vowels ? | e,ɜ: |
| According to part of the tongue raised, how many classifications of vowels ? | 1. front vowels 2. back vowels 3. central vowels |
| front vowels | - the front of the tongue is highest point i:,æ |
| back vowels | - the back of the tongue is the highest point ʊ,ɒ |
| central vowels | - not made from the front or back of the toungue ə,ʌ |
| According to lips rounding, how many classifications of vowels ? | 1. rounded 2. unrounded 3. neutral |
| rounded | /ʊ/,/u:/,/ɔ:/,/ɒ/ |
| unrounded | /i:/,/ɪ/,/e/ |
| neutral | /ɜ:/,/ə/,/ɑ:/,/ʌ/,/æ/ |
| long vowels ? | /i:/,/u:/,/ɜ:/,/ɔ:/,/ɑ:/ |
| short vowels ? | /ɪ/,/ʊ/,/e/,/ə/,/æ/,/ʌ/,/ɒ/ |
| classifications of diphthongs | 1. centring: end in /ə/ 2. closing: end in /i/, /ʊ/ |
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