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Unit 2 WH SHS
End of the Middle Ages, Ren and Ref
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Feudal System | political and social system of Medieval Europe. king rules through divine right over nobles (lords) who control the land and collect taxes for the kings. You were born into your social class and it was very difficult to move up in this system. |
| The Renaissance | rebirth of learning and culture the signaled the end of the Middle Ages. |
| Individualism | focus on the success and pride in one’s self instead of on the collective good. |
| Secularism | focus on worldly (like pop culture) topics instead of focusing on religion. |
| Humanism | a philosophical and educational movement that focuses on the human experience and their achievements |
| Printing Press | Invented by Johannes Gutenberg, this machine allowed books and documents to be copied and mass produced quickly (instead of copying them by hand) |
| Vernacular | writing in your local or native language rather than Latin or another formal language |
| Protestant Reformation | Northern European movement that started out with Martin Luther trying to reform Catholic Church practices. In the end a number of new Christian denominations were created and the religious unity of Europe was ended. |
| Martin Luther | Credited with starting the Protestant Reformation. Catholic theologian who wrote the 95 Thesis to debate Catholic Church practices he felt were corrupt. He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church and is the founder of the Lutheran Christian Church. |
| 95 Thesis | document written by Martin Luther regarding the sale of indulgences and other corrupt practices of the Catholic Church. He nailed the document to the church doors in Wittenberg Germany. This was meant to start a discussion, not tear down the church. |
| Excommunication | Punishment used by the Catholic Church where a person has been “kicked out” of the church and no one (meaning no other Catholics) is allowed to speak or interact with that person anymore |
| Protestant | Someone who is Christian but not Catholic |
| John Calvin | Founder of Calvinism, a Protestant denomination which believes in predestination and is much more simple in style and worship than the Catholic Church |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists (Protestants) most of these were wealthy nobles and merchants |
| Anglican Church | Church of England, started by Henry VIII after the Catholic Pope denied Henry’s request for a divorce from his first wife Catherine of Aragon |
| Henry VIII | British King who founded the Anglican Church because the Catholic Church would not grant him the right to divorce; married 6 times |
| Catholic Counter-Reformation | Attempt made by the Catholic Church to respond to the accusations of corruption by addressing Catholic practices. At the Council of Trent it was decided that priest were required to live more humble lives, but little else was changed. |
| Index of Forbidden Books | list created by the Catholic Church of readings that people should not read (Catholic censorship). This list included Protestant Bibles and the Encyclopedia. |
| Italian Renaissance | focused on the beauty and potential of man, bright colors and over-developed characters; wrote about things normal people could relate to |
| Northern Renaissance | focused on pointing out the reality of life, painting showed beggars, peasants and uncomfortable topics focused on reforming the corruption in society based on their understanding of the Bible |
| Leonardo da Vinci | The original “renaissance man” - famous works include the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian Renaissance philosopher; wrote The Prince as a guide for rulers to gain absolute power. |
| Black Death | A devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s |
| Christian Humanism | argued that humans are reasonable and should read the Bible on their own |
| Civic Humanism | Humans should be involved in politics to fix the wrongs of society; do not rely on the Church to do it |
| Calvinism | Founded by John Calvin, a protestant denomination which believes in predestination |
| Patrons | Wealthy members of society who offer to support artists by providing with money to buy supplies and places to work |
| Realism | an artistic style that depicted subjects in a realistic way |
| Pieter Bruegel | a renaissance artists known for painting landscapes and peasant scenes |
| Dante Alighieri | exiled from Italy for his criticism of the Catholic Church. Wrote an epic poem slamming Catholic practices; The Divine Comedy |
| William Shakespeare | a well known English poet in the later part of the Renaissance. Known for plays Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and many others |
| Christine de Pizan | a medieval writer who advocated for women's equality |
| Michelangelo | An Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet and engineer; famous works include David and The Creation of Adam |
Created by:
AGilstrap47
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