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UNIT 4
US History - Standards 8-10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Manifest Destiny | The belief that westward expansion from East to West coast was a "God" given right. |
| Missouri Compromise | Determined the dividing line between slavery/free territory would be the 36’30 latitude line; Missouri was a slave state & Maine a free state |
| Sectionalism | Distinct social and economic differences between the North and South; led to conflicts |
| Compromise of 1850 | Decided what to do with territory gained in the Mexican-American War: California a free state, Utah and New Mexico use popular sovereignty to decide on slavery; Fugitive Slave Law; no slave trade in DC |
| Mexican-American War | War fought over Texas territory—U.S. gained a large piece of land from Mexico |
| James Polk | 11th president; added Texas & Oregon territories to the US; Mexican-American War |
| Wilmot Proviso | Bill which would have prohibited slavery in all territory won during the Mexican-American War; did not pass |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | stated settlers in new and remaining territories would be able to use popular sovereignty to determine slavery issue |
| popular sovereignty | Constitutional principle: rule by the people; allowed people living in territories to decide issue of slavery |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford | Supreme Court decision that stated no Black person is US citizen; slaves are property, so federal gov't can't prohibit slaves in territory (MO Comp & pop. sovereignty unconstitutional) |
| John Brown | iolent abolitionist who led raid at Harper's Ferry, VA; tried to seize federal arsenal & arm slaves before captured |
| Fugitive Slave Law | a law that required all citizens aid in the capture and return of any run away slave. |
| Union | United States of American; the North in the Civil War |
| Confederacy | Confederate States of America; the South in the Civil War |
| Abraham Lincoln | 16th President; President during the Civil War |
| Lincoln's 1st Inaugural Address | 1st Presidental Speech after election win; Stated that slavery would not spread |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by Abraham Lincoln; declared all slaves living in Confederate states to be free; used as military strategy to get Southern slaves to flee to North |
| Gettysburg Address | Given by Lincoln while dedicating battlefield to fallen soldiers; short speech which improved morale of Northerners. Cannot let rebels dissolve the Union, must preserve democracy. |
| Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address | Lincoln made clear that slavery would be abolished after the war; urged Northerners not to take revenge on South (assassinated 6 wks later) |
| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederate States of America; military and government background before war |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Head general for the Union army; aggressive approach in battle; accepted Lee’s surrender |
| Robert E. Lee | Head general of the Confederate Army; considered most capable military leader; offered surrender to end the war |
| Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson | Confederate general; brilliant tactician who died in battle |
| William T. Sherman | Union general; led battle for Atlanta and subsequent March to the Sea |
| Battle of Fort Sumter | In South Carolina; scene of the first battle of Civil War; prompted states in Upper South to join Confederacy |
| Battle of Antietam | First battle fought on Northern soil (Maryland); bloodiest day of war; encouraged Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proclamation |
| Battle of Vicksburg | Grant leads Union to victory; allowed them to gain control of traffic on the Mississippi River & cut off Confederates in the West; turning point |
| Battle of Gettysburg | Union victory in Pennsylvania; turning point in the war; Lee's last attempt to invade North; deadliest battle of war |
| Battle of Atlanta | Union destroyed railroad & manufacturing center of South; Began Sherman's March to the Sea; convinced North war was won |
| habeas corpus | right of those arrested to be know their charges/have a trial; Lincoln suspended this to punish Southern Sympathizers |
| Presidential Reconstruction | Favored by Lincoln & Johnson; wanted to reunify the country quickly & did not seek to punish the South |
| Congressional Reconstruction | Favored by Ulysses Grant & Congress; wanted to punish the South for seceding & sought to protect the rights of black citizens |
| Andrew Johnson | Republican who became president after Lincoln assassinated; first president to be impeached; got to stay in office |
| Freedman's Bureau | Government organization; meant to assist former slaves in gaining education, jobs, legal rights, etc. |
| 13th Amendment | Abolished slavery; FREE |
| 14th Amendment | Granted citizenship to every person born in the United States; makes slaves citizens; equal protection; CITIZEN |
| 15th Amendment | Granted voting rights to all adult male citizens of the U.S. (“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”); VOTE |
| Black Codes | Laws passed in South; restricted the rights of African Americans |
| Ku Klux Klan (KKK) | Group of former Confederate soldiers/supporters; formed with the intent of disenfranchising black voters; used violence |
| Election of 1876 | Between Democrat Tilden & Republican Hayes; Hayes made a deal with the South to end Reconstruction if elected; resulted in Hayes winning |
| Compromise of 1877 | After Hayes’ controversial victory; he agreed to end Reconstruction in exchange for winning the election |
| impeachment | to accuse a public official (president) of wrongdoing in office; first step to removing someone from office |
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