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Unit 1 Colonies
Names, places, terms and vocab for the 13 Colonies Unit
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Colony | land claimed and inhabited by another country |
| Motivation | a reason for doing something |
| Charter | official permission to start a colony; sets the boundaries |
| Roanoke | England’s first attempt at a colony; failed; located on an island |
| John White | leader of the Roanoke colony, discovered that it had vanished upon his return |
| Joint-stock company | a group of investors share the profits and losses of a business or colony |
| Virginia Company | example of a joint-stock company; founded and controlled the Jamestown colony |
| John Smith | English adventurer that saved Jamestown due to his leadership |
| King James I | King of England when the first successful English colony was founded |
| John White | leader of the failed Roanoke colony |
| Powhatan | Native American tribe that fought and made peace with the English settlers at Jamestown |
| James River | river located by Jamestown named after the King of England at that time |
| Jamestown | the first successful permanent English settlement in North America; founded in 1607 |
| Chesapeake Bay | swampy body of water located by the colony of Jamestown |
| Pocahontas | Native American princess that made peace between the Powhatan and the English |
| Starving Time | time-period at Jamestown in which the settlers suffered greatly without food and from Indian attacks |
| John Rolfe | Englishman that helped Jamestown thrive by introducing a way to process tobacco |
| Tobacco | cash crop that saved Jamestown |
| Indentured servants | people that agree to work 7-10 in exchange for free passage to America |
| House of Burgesses | first representative government/legislature in North American; from Virginia |
| Representative government | type of government in which leaders represent the people of their region and make laws for them |
| Legislature | a group of government leaders that write laws |
| Self government | type of government in which the governed have a say in their law |
| Bacons Rebellion | event in which farmers revolted against the governor of Virginia due to lack of protection from Natives |
| Tidewater | region of land by the ocean in which the soil is flat and fertile |
| Piedmont | area of land next to the Appalachian Mountains that has rocky soil and hard to farm, located near Native Americans |
| Act of Toleration | Maryland law that prevented people from being persecuted for practicing their type of Christianity |
| James Oglethorpe | founder of Georgia; banned slavery and alcohol |
| Debtors | people that owe money to another and cannot pay it off |
| Buffer colony | colony founded as protection from a hostile neighboring colony |
| Theocracy | form of government in which religious leaders are in charge and all laws are based upon religious beliefs |
| Democracy | form of government in which people choose leaders and laws by voting |
| Separatists | aka the Pilgrims; wanted to break away from the Church of England; settled at Plymouth |
| Puritans | Protestant group that wanted to reform the Church of England but faced persecution |
| Anglican Church | the English Church, not Catholic but Protestant |
| Dissenter | a person that has a different opinion than that of the group |
| William Bradford | leader of the pilgrims at Plymouth, wrote Of Plimouth Plantation |
| Squanto | Native American that taught the Plymouth settlers how to farm using fish |
| John Winthrop | leader of the puritans, wanted Massachusetts to be a “city on a hill” |
| City on a Hill | a reference to Massachusetts Bay setting an example for the world to follow |
| Plymouth | name of the colony founded by the Pilgrims or Separatists |
| Cape Cod | body of water that the Pilgrims settled next to |
| Massachusetts Bay | name of the colony founded by the Puritans; would break into New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut and eventually Maine |
| Salem Witch Trials | a series of events in which many people were accused of witchcraft under circumstantial evidence in New England |
| Mayflower Compact | signed by the pilgrims, established majority rule or democracy in New England |
| Majority rule | a form of governing in which the majority (one more than half) gets its way |
| Thomas Hooker | founder of Connecticut |
| Fundamental Orders | representative government of Connecticut |
| Roger Williams | founded Rhode Island for religious freedom, treated natives with respect |
| Tolerance | religious freedom |
| Anne Hutchinson | banished from Massachusetts because she held her own church meetings and challenged the authority of the Puritans |
| Mercantilism | economic system in which a mother country makes manufactured goods in exchange for raw materials from its colonies |
| Cash crop | a crop that makes enough money to be sold for profit |
| Commercial farming | a type of farming in which a surplus of a crop is grown for profits |
| Subsistence farming | growing enough food to meet one’s own needs |
| Surplus | more than is needed |
| Rice indigo tobacco | major cash crops of the Southern colonies |
| Triangular Trade | trade network that connected North America, Africa and Europe |
| Middle Passage | the journey African slaves took to the New World |
| Slave codes | laws that governed slave behavior and punishment for each colony |
| Overt Resistance | obvious ways that Africans resisted slavery; i.e. running away, rebellions |
| Passive Resistance | secret ways that Africans resisted slavery – faking illness, sabotaging equipment, slowing down labor |
| Olaudah Equiano | African that earned freedom and wrote an autobiography about his life on the Middle Passage |
| Royal colony | a colony that is directly controlled by the king |
| Proprietary colony | a colony that is owned and controlled by an individual person |
| New Netherland | Dutch colony located along the Hudson River |
| New Amsterdam | city founded by the Dutch at the mouth of the Hudson on the island of Manhattan |
| Patroon system | how the Dutch encouraged settlement of New Netherland by hiring individuals to pay for the passage of settlers |
| Peter Stuyvesant | Dutch governor of New Netherland that handed it over to the English |
| Peter Minuit | Dutch explorer that purchased the island of Manhattan from Native Americans |
| George Calvert | Founder of Maryland as a place for Catholics, aka Lord Baltimore |
| William Penn | Quaker founder of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia, treated natives with dignity and purchased their land |
| Holy Experiment | a reference to Pennsylvania allowing religious freedom |
| Diversity | a wide variety of backgrounds |
| Quakers | protestant group that hate slavery and violence, believed in equality with women and an “inner light”, settled in Pennsylvania |
| Pacifism | belief in nonviolence |
| Breadbasket Colonies | a reference to the Middle Colonies because they produced so much wheat and grain |
| Wheat | major cash crop of the Middle Colonies |
| Middle Colonies | Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey |
| Hudson River | waterway that connected Canada to the Atlantic Ocean, located in New York |
| Appalachian Mountains | Mountain range on the east coast of North America |
| Southern Colonies | Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia |
| Lumber and tar | The major exports of North Carolina |
| Middle Colonies | Region with the most diversity of all the colonies |
| New England Colonies | Region of the colonies located farthest North |
| Massachusetts | Colony where the Pilgrims settled |
| Connecticut | Colony founded by Thomas Hooker |
| Rhode Island | Founded by a Puritan looking for religious freedom |
| Maryland | Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics |
| Virginia | the first permanent colony was located in this region |
| Georgia | Founded to protect the English colonies from a Spanish attack |
| Navigation Acts | Laws passed by England to make sure its colonies trade only with the mother country |
| Salutary Neglect | England’s unofficial policy of not enforcing their laws in the colonies |
| Salutary neglect | allowed the English colonies to develop self-government and an independent spirit of trade |
| Rum | major export of the New England Colonies, also used in Triangular Trade |
| Pennsylvania | Colony that respect natives by signing a treaty with them |
| New York | English colony that was originally founded by the Dutch |
| Manhattan | Island where New Amsterdam was built, natural harbor by the Hudson River |
| Legislature | a group of representatives that write laws for an area or state |
| Magistrate | a government official |
| Assembly | another name for a group of lawmakers |
| Predestination | belief that God determines some people for heaven and some for hell |
| Elect | refers to those that God chooses to go to Heaven, belief of the Puritans |
| Mississippi river | controlled by the French, major waterway in North America, leads to the Gulf of Mexico |
| Ohio River Valley | region west of the English colonies, passed the Appalachian Mountains |
| France | country that claimed the Mississippi Valley region and Canada |
| England | controlled the eastern coast of North America |
| Spain | colonized most nearly all of South America, Central America, Mexico and the southern part of the United States |
| Florida | colonized by Spain, threat to the English colonies |
| Church and state | These two were separated in the colony founded by Roger Williams |
| Royal | Type of colony owned and directly governed by the king of England |
| Proprietary | type of colony founded and owned by a single person |
| Providence | help from God, also the name of a city in Rhode Island |
| Adobe | a form of clay that when dried is used for bricks |
| Persecution | mistreatment of a person or group based on their belief system |
| Catholic | the types of Christianity practiced by the people that founded Maryland; believe that the Pope is in charge of the church |
| Protestant | Quakers, Pilgrims, Puritans and Huguenots practice this form of Christianity, that doesn’t believe the Pope as the head of the Church |
| Body Politik | old English phrase that means a group of people forming a government |
| Ordinance | another name for a law |
| Hysteria | a feeling of panic that causes people to act irrationally out of fear |
| Magna Carta | An English document that limited the power of the King of England |
| English Bill of Rights | A document that listed out the rights and freedoms of people living in England |
| Federalism | The principle that powers are shared by more than one government |
| Arid | dry |
| Artisan | A skilled worker |
| Albany | Formerly named Fort Orange by the Dutch, located north of New York City on the Hudson River |
| Mason Dixon Line | The border between Pennsylvania and Maryland |
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