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Colonies Unit
Terms and Concepts from the 13 Colonies Unit
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Colony | land claimed and inhabited by another country |
| Motivation | a reason for doing something |
| Charter | official permission to start a colony; sets the boundaries |
| Roanoke | England’s first attempt at a colony; failed; located on an island |
| Joint-stock company | a group of investors share the profits and losses of a business or colony |
| Virginia Company | example of a joint-stock company; founded the Jamestown colony |
| John Smith | English adventurer that saved Jamestown due to his leadership |
| King James I | King of England when the first successful English colony was founded |
| John White | leader of the failed Roanoke colony |
| Powhatan | Native American tribe that fought and made peace with the English settlers at Jamestown |
| James River | river located by Jamestown named after the King of England at that time |
| Jamestown | the first successful permanent English settlement in North America; founded in 1607 |
| Chesapeake Bay | swampy body of water located by the colony of Jamestown |
| Pocahontas | Native American princess that made peace between the Powhatan and the English |
| “Starving Time” | time period at Jamestown in which the settlers suffered greatly without food and from Indian attacks |
| John Rolfe | Englishman that helped Jamestown thrive by introducing a way to process tobacco |
| Tobacco | cash crop that saved Jamestown |
| Indentured servants | people that agree to work 7-10 in exchange for free passage to America |
| House of Burgesses | first representative government/legislature in North American; from Virginia |
| Representative government | type of government in which leaders represent the people of their region and make laws for them |
| Headright system | |
| Legislature | a group of government leaders that write laws |
| Self-government | type of government in which the governed have a say in their law |
| Bacon’s Rebellion | event in which farmers revolted against the governor of Virginia due to lack of protection from Natives |
| Tidewater | region of land by the ocean in which the soil is flat and fertile |
| Piedmont | area of land next to the Appalachian Mountains that has rocky soil and hard to farm, located near Native Americans |
| Act of Toleration | Maryland law that prevented people from being persecuted for practicing their type of Christianity |
| James Oglethorpe | founder of Georgia; banned slavery and alcohol |
| Debtors | people that owe money to another and cannot pay it off |
| Buffer colony | colony founded as protection from a hostile neighboring colony |
| Theocracy | form of government in which religious leaders are in charge and all laws are based upon religious beliefs |
| Separatists | aka the Pilgrims; wanted to break away from the Church of England |
| Puritans | Protestant group that wanted to reform the Church of England but faced persecution |
| Anglican Church ¬ | the English Church, not Catholic but Protestant |
| Dissenter | a person that has a different opinion than that of the group |
| William Bradford | leader of the pilgrims at Plymouth, wrote Of Plimouth Plantation |
| Squanto | Native American that taught the Plymouth settlers how to farm using fish |
| John Winthrop | leader of the puritans, wanted Massachusetts to be a “city on a hill” |
| “City on a Hill” | a reference to Massachusetts Bay setting an example for the world to follow |
| Plymouth | name of the colony founded by the Pilgrims or Separatists |
| Cape Cod | body of water that the Pilgrims settled next to |
| Massachusetts Bay | name of the colony founded by the Puritans; would break into New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut and eventually Maine |
| Salem Witch Trials | a series of events in which many people were accused of witchcraft under circumstantial evidence in New England |
| Mayflower Compact | signed by the pilgrims, established majority rule or democracy in New England |
| Majority rule | a form of governing in which the majority (one more than half) gets its way |
| Thomas Hooker | founder of Connecticut |
| Fundamental Orders | representative government of Connecticut |
| Roger Williams | founded Rhode Island for religious freedom, treated natives with respect |
| Tolerance | religious freedom |
| Anne Hutchinson | banished from Massachusetts because she held her own church meetings and challenged the authority of the Puritans |
| Mercantilism | economic system in which a mother country makes manufactured goods in exchange for raw materials from its colonies |
| Cash crop | a crop that makes enough money to be sold for profit |
| Commercial farming | a type of farming in which a surplus of a crop is grown for profits |
| Subsistence farming | growing enough food to meet one’s own needs |
| Surplus | more than is needed |
| Rice, indigo, tobacco | major cash crops of the Southern colonies |
| Triangular Trade | trade network that connected North America, Africa and Europe |
| Middle Passage | the journey African slaves took to the New World |
| Slave codes | laws that governed slave behavior and punishment for each colony |
| Overt Resistance | obvious ways that Africans resisted slavery; i.e. running away, rebellions |
| Passive Resistance | secret ways that Africans resisted slavery – faking illness, sabotaging equipment, slowing down labor |
| Olaudah Equiano | African that earned freedom and wrote an autobiography about his life on the Middle Passage |
| Royal colony | a colony that is directly controlled by the king |
| Proprietary colony | a colony that is owned and controlled by an individual person |
| New Netherland | Dutch colony located along the Hudson River |
| New Amsterdam | city founded by the Dutch at the mouth of the Hudson on the island of Manhattan |
| Patroon system | how the Dutch encouraged settlement of New Netherland by hiring individuals to pay for the passage of settlers |
| Peter Stuyvesant | Dutch governor of New Netherland that handed it over to the English |
| William Penn | Quaker founder of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia, treated natives with dignity and purchased their land |
| “Holy Experiment” | a reference to Pennsylvania allowing religious freedom |
| Diversity | a wide variety of backgrounds |
| Quakers | protestant group that hate slavery and violence, believed in equality with women and an “inner light”, settled in Pennsylvania |
| Pacifism | belief in nonviolence |
| Breadbasket Colonies | a reference to the Middle Colonies because they produced so much wheat and grain |
| Wheat and grain | major cash crop of the Middle Colonies |
Created by:
redtn1796
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