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Unit 2 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What's Suffrage? | voting rights |
| What's Ratification? | an official approval |
| What are Tariffs? | a tax on imports or exports |
| What's Interstate Commerce? | trade between two or more states |
| What's Depression? | a steep drop in economic activity combined with rising unemployment |
| What are Political Action Committees (PACS)? | an organization that collects money to distribute to candidates who support the same issues as the contributors |
| What's Popular sovereignty? | the idea that political authority belongs to the people |
| What's a Veto? | To cancel |
| What are Executive orders? | non legislative directives issued by the U.S. president in certain circumstances; executive orders have the force of congressional law |
| Who's Thurgood Marshall? | (1908–1993) First African American U.S. Supreme Court Justice, he represented as a lawyer the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and fought racial segregation. |
| Who's Sandra Day O’Connor? | (1930– ) Associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, she was the first woman appointed to the Court. |
| What's a Pettition? | to make a formal request of the government |
| What does indict mean? | to formally acuse |
| What's an Interest group? | a group of people who share common interests for political action |
| Who's Martha Washington? | President’s Wife, who entertained guests and attended social events with her husband. |
| What's a Precedent? | an action or decision that later serves as an example |
| What are Checks and Balances? | a system established by the Constitution that prevents any branch of government from becoming too powerful |
| What's a Bond? | a certificate that represents money the government has borrowed from private citizens |
| What's Federalism? | U.S. system of government in which power is distributed between a central government and individual states |
| What was the Neutrality Proclamation? | (1793) a statement made by President George Washington that the United States would not side with any of the nations at war in Europe following the French Revolution |
| What was Jay's Treaty? | (1794) an agreement negotiated by John Jay to work out problems between Britain and the United States over northwestern lands, British seizure of U.S. ships, and U.S. debts owed to the British |
| What was Pinckney's Treaty? | (1795) an agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida’s border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans |
| What is Majority Rule? | the idea that policies are decided by the greatest number of people |
| What was the Articles of Confederation? | (1777) the document that created the first central government for the United States; was replaced by the Constitution in 1789 |
| What was the Whiskey Rebellion? | (1794) a protest of small farmers in Pennsylvania against new taxes on whiskey |
| What was the XYZ affair? | (1797) an incident in which French agents attempted to get a bribe and loans from U.S. diplomats in exchange for an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ships; it led to an undeclared naval war between the two countries |
| What were the Alien and Sedition Acts? | (1798) laws passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and people |
| What were the Kentucky and Virgina Resolutions? | (1798–99) Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional |
| Magna Carta – how did it influence American leaders when they were considering the structure of their government? | One source of inspiration was English law. England had limited the power of its kings and queens in two documents |
| • Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom – how did Thomas Jefferson’s ideas in this statute differ from previous ideas held by the government? | Thomas Jefferson’s ideas were included in the Virginia Statute. The document declared that no person could be forced to attend a particular church or be required to pay for a church with tax money. |
| • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – how did it affect education in the Northwest Territory? What significant changes did it make to slavery? | The law protected civil liberties and required that public education be provided and the last condition banned slavery in the Territory and set the standard for future territories. |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 – what was its purpose? | Legislation passed by Congress authorizing surveys and the division of public lands in the western region of the country |
| • Articles of Confederation – how did the Declaration of Independence influence them? Why were the Articles ineffective in solving internal problems that existed in the United States? | Congress would become the single branch of the national government, but it would have limited powers in order to protect the liberties of the people |
| Virginia Plan – what change to the structure of government did this plan suggest? | Edmond Randolph proposed a new federal constitution that would give sovereignty, or supreme power, to the central government |
| Great Compromise – how did it resolve the debate over state representation in the federal government? | Because the government agreed on having a two house legislature. |
| Because the government agreed on having a two house legislature. | (1787) an agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention stating that only three-fifths of the slaves in a state would count when determining its population for representation in the lower house of Congress |
| Checks and balances – why did the framers include them in the Constitution? | Because the Checks and Balances makes sure not one branch of government becomes too powerful. |
| Bill of Rights – what are they? | The first 10 amendments to the Constitution; ratified in 1791 |
| Congress – what is its function in the federal government? | Writes Laws, Confirms Presidential appointments, approves treaties, grants money, and declares war. |
| Judicial Branch – what is its role? On what grounds can a federal court strike down a state of federal law? | Interprets the Constitution and other laws, and reviews lower court decisions. They can Strike it down if the law is unconstitutional. |
| Election of 1796 – why was it different from the 1st election? What was the 1st political party division in the U.S.? | For the first time, more than one president ran for president. The 1st party was the Federalist Party. |
| Electoral College – define | A group of people selected from each of the states to cast votes in presidential elections. |
| National Bank – why did Alexander Hamilton take measures to limit the bank’s power? | Because Hamilton wanted to start a national bank where the government could safely deposit its money, and where the bank would also make loans to the government and businesses to promote industrialization. |
| George Washington – according to his farewell address, what was the key to national success? | Political Unity |
| Amendment 1 | Freedom of Press, Petition, Speech, Assemble, and Religion |
| Amendment 2 | The right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. |
| Amendment 3 | No Soldier shall, in time of peace be cared for in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. |
| Amendment 4 | The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, unless special permission. |
| Amendment 5 | No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury. |
| Amendment 6 | In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed. |
| Amendment 7 | In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States. |
| Amendment 8 | Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. |
| Amendment 9 | The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. |
| Amendment 10 | The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. |
| Article 1 | Establishes Legislative Branch |
| Article 2 | Establishes Executive Branch |
| Article 3 | Establishes Judicial Branch |
| Article 4 | Goes over Power of the States |
| Article 5 | Details Method of amending or changing the Constitution |
| Article 6 | Guarantees United States will assume all debts and contracts. |
| Article 7 | Details Method of Ratifying the Constitution |
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