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SS8 Final Exam Revie
SS8 Final Exam Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Black Codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves |
| Jim Crow | Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights |
| Segregation | Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences |
| Scalawags | Southern whites who supported radical reconstruction |
| Radical Republicans | After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South. |
| Poll Tax | Tax on voting. Used to discourage African Americans from voting during the Jim Crow era. Also used to exclude poor whites. Declared unconstitutional by 24th Amendment. |
| Literacy Tests | Method used to deny African |
| 13th Ammendment | abolished slavery |
| 14th Ammendment | Granted citizenship to all people born in the U.S. and declared that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty and property without due process of law |
| 15th Ammendment | voting rights; all citizens have the right to vote no matter what, color, race, previous condition of servitude. women could still not vote |
| Plessy V. Ferguson | a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal |
| Reasons for Western Settlement in US | Transcontinental railroad made the journey easier, Homestead Act gave them land to farm/ranch, Gold Rush. |
| Results of Western Settlement in US | The nation was linked economically, changes were made to the cattle industry which made it very profitable, Western cities grew, Native Americans lost their land and were sent to live on reservations, farming inventions were made, which made it easier to farm. |
| Manifest Destiny | 1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west |
| Reservation | By 1860's Indians were forced onto separate territories specifically set aside by the US government for Indian use. |
| Indian Wars | Term used to describe the several conflicts with Indians during the 1860s & 1870s as Americans began to encroach upon the Indian owned land instead of just passing through it on their way west. |
| Homestead Act | 1862 Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration. |
| Mining | This economic activity stimulated railroad construction, founded communities, created mining laws and lead to statehood; it often lead to environmental disaster |
| Ranching | An extensive farm, especially in the western United States, on which large herds of cattle, sheep, or horses are raised. |
| Battle of Little Big Horn | Sioux leader Sitting Bull led the fight against general George Custer and the 7th cavalry. The Sioux wanted miners out of the black hills, and had appealed to government officials in Washington to stop the miners. Washington doesn't listen. When Custer came to Little Bighorn rivers Sitting Bull and his warriors were ready and killed them all. |
| How did the post Civil War industrial expansion change the US economy? | Businesses became corporations owned by shareholders. Monopolies were formed |
| What social problems did industrialization cause in the Gilded Age? | Bootleggers,organized crime,flagrant violations, bribery, revival of KKK, increase in crime in general, average person became a "lawbreaker" |
| How did the Progressive Era that followed attempt to deal with those problems? | There were new attitudes towards the federal government, many thought it was needed to control the growing power of corporations and industry; Vast expansions of the federal government; Lots of focus on safety of workers and the public in general |
| Bessemer Process | A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856. |
| Vertical Integration | Practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products. |
| Robber Barron | The process of running other businesses out of business so that one's own business can prosper; includes Rockefeller and Morgan |
| Monopoly | Complete control of a product or business by one person or group |
| Trust | a group of corporations that unite in order to reduce competition and control prices in a business or an industry |
| Mass Production | manufacturing of large numbers of identical products quickly and cheaply |
| Muckracker | Journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform. |
| Trustbuster | a person working to destroy monopolies and trusts |
| Push and Pull Factors | Push: reasons to immigrate and migrate because of issues like war, famine, persecution; Pull: factors pulling away from their native country and into the U.S., such as better working conditions and pay. |
| Assimilation | Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture |
| Slums | Poor, run- down urban neighborhoods |
| Ghetto | A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions |
| Sweatshop | A shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions |
| Tenements | Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived |
| Labor Union | association of workers organized to improve wages and working conditions |
| Minimum Wage | Lowest amount which can legally be paid to an employee |
| Socialism | A social and political philosophy based on the belief that democratic means should be used to evenly distribute wealth throughout a society |
| 19th Ammendment | Gave women the right to vote |
| Andrew Carnegie | Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons" |
| John D. Rockefeller | Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government. |
| J.P. Morgan | An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Republican (1901-1905) and (1905-1909)Conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War. "Walk Softly and Carry a Big Stick" |
| Jacob Riis | He described the awful living conditions of poor people in the tenements of New York City in "How the other half lives"; led to many social reforms. |
| "Mother" Jones | a dressmaker in Chicago until a fire destroyed her business. She then devoted her life to the cause of workers. Supported striking railroad workers in Pittsburg, and traveled around the country organizing coal miners and campaigning for improved working conditions. Helped pave the way for reform. |
| Jane Addams | Prominent social reformer who was responsible for creating the Hull House. She helped other women join the fight for reform, as well as influencing the creation of other settlement houses. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony | (1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | (1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. |
| How and why did the US begin building an overseas empire? | To expand the size of the nation, find resources and wealth, find new markets for American goods, show foreign powers our strength, build a strong Navy and have overseas bases, we believed that industrialized nations were superior and nonindustrial nations were inferior, we believed that Christianity and democracy should be spread. |
| Why was imperialism opposed by some in the United States? | Because it was harmful to other countries. |
| Resources | anything that is used to produce goods or services |
| Markets | Bring buyers and sellers together to exchange goods and services |
| Spanish American War | War that began in 1898 and stemmed from furor in America over treatment of Cubans by Spanish troops that controlled the island; a major result of this was the acquisition of the Phillipines, which made America a major power in the Pacific. |
| Theodore Roosevelt Foreign Policy | Big Stick Policy |
| Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. |
| Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic |
| Panama Canal | (TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal. |
| Why was the US reluctant to enter World War I? | they wanted to maintain neutrality |
| Why did the US eventually join World War I? | unrestricted submarine warfare (Lusitania), Zimmerman telegram |
| What were social, political, technological changes during WWI? | New Technology- u-boats, airplanes, machine guns made ware more deadly, Women volunteered to serve, War Bonds (to raise money), War Industries Board (to produce war supplies), Civil Liberties attacked (Espionage and Sedition Acts), New Jobs, Great Migration, Women did "Men's Work", Red Scare, Racial Conflict |
| Neutrality | A position of not taking sides in a conflict |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters. One of the reasons the US joined the war. |
| Lusitania | A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war. |
| Zimmerman Telegram | German Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, shocked the American public. |
| Command Economy | Economic decisions are made by the government. |
| War Production Board | Redirected raw materials and resources from consumer goods to the materials needed for the war |
| Sedition Act | Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. |
| Draft | A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military |
| Woodrow Wilson | 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post |
| Eugene Debbs | This man ran for President for the Socialist Party and was imprisoned under the Espionage Act during WWI |
| 14 Points | (1918) President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars. |
| Treaty of Versailles | (WW) 1918, , Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons. |
| What were the technological, social, and economics changes that lead to the decade being called the "Roaring Twenties"? | The increase in the manufacturing of consumer goods and the assembly line lead to a boom of mass production. |
| Laissez-faire economics | allowing business to operate with little to no government interference |
| Credit | the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future. |
| Stock market | Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock. |
| Radio 1920s | becomes popular and listened to Roosevelt's fireside chats |
| Model T | first affordable car built by Henry Ford; sturdy, reliable, inexpensive, only came in black. Was produced by the assembly line |
| Flapper | carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom. |
| Prohibition | A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages. 18th amendment |
| Speakeasy | A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during prohibition |
| Consumerism | a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers |
| Jazz | A style of dance music popular in the 1920s |
| Stock market crash of 1929 | In 1929, the stock market crashed and caused a world wide Depression; the result of speculation of stocks and commodities, an investing in America, overproduction of goods and under consumption of American goods. |
| What were the goals and methods of the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 60s? | During the civil rights movement African Americans were fighting for equality. Their goals included full political rights, better job opportunities, and an end to segregation. |
| racism | Belief that one race is superior to another |
| Jim Crow | Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites |
| Segregation | Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences |
| Boycott | A group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies |
| Sit-in | nonviolent protests in which a person sits and refuses to leave. protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. |
| protests by black college students, 1960 | 1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit |
| Literacy tests | Method used to deny African-Americans the vote in the South that tested a person's ability to read and write - they were done very unfairly so even though most African-Americans could read and write by the 1950's they still failed. |
| Poll tax | A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote |
| Massive resistance | A policy to fight against the desegregation of schools |
| Plessey v Ferguson | The court ruling that segregated African Americans and Whites |
| Brown v. Board of Ed | 1954- - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. |
| Voting rights act of 1965 | A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically. Encouraged greater social equality and decreased the wealth and education gap |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | Civil Rights Leader. Born in Atlanta. Developed a non-violent approach to social change after studying others like Gandhi. Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Gave the "I have a Dream Speech" at the March of Washington |
| Rosa Parks | Was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus. News of her arrest quickly spread. This lead to the protest known as the Montgomery Bus boycott. |
| What were the causes of WWII and how did the United States get involved? | The United States became involved after the attack on Pearl Harbor |
| In what ways did the involvement and victory in WWII change the United States? | The united stated became a world superpower |
| Neutrality | policy of supporting neither side in a war |
| Lend- Lease | 1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security |
| Communism | A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state. |
| Allies WWII | Great Britain, France, USSR, USA |
| Axis WWII | Germany, Italy, and Japan |
| Island hopping | A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy |
| Adolph Hitler | A very crude leader that took advantage of a disillusioned and depression |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | Often referred to by his initials FDR, was the 23rd President of the United States. is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. |
| Harry Truman | Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2 |
| Pearl Harbor | 1941 United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. |
| Japanese Internment | Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder |
| Manhattan Project | Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. |
| D-Day | (FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy. |
| Holocaust | A methodical plan done by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled, and gypsies. Antisemitism was present prior to holocaust - the holocaust was the most severe form of antisemitism |
| Hiroshima & Nagasaki | First and second cities to be hit by atomic bombs, they were bombed after Japan refused to surrender and accept the Potsdam Declaration. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, 1945 and Nagasaki was bombed on August 9, 1945. |
| United Nations | An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. |
| What were the causes of the Great Depression? | buying stock on margin; stock market crash; bank failures; people were using too much credit; Dust Bowl (drought). |
| How did the federal government respond to the crisis? | FDR created the New Deal program which were a series of programs that provided relief, recovery, and reform. The first step toward helping the economy was the declaration of a "bank holiday" which closed the banks to restore confidence in the American people. |
| How was the federal government changed by this? | The federal government took on the role of providing for the welfare of the people. Deficit spending increased. This. Related a stronger central government. |
| Herbert Hoover | Was an unpopular president during the start of the Great Depression. He was known for his idea of "trickle down economics." |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | 32nd US President; - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII |
| Bonus Army | Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash |
| Hoovervilles | Depression shantytowns, named after president Hoover whom many blamed for their financial distress |
| Dust Bowl | Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. |
| New deal | A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression. |
| Public Works | projects built by the government to help public. Jobs such as restoring and building infrastructure |
| "Alphabet Soup" | Term used to refer to the group of New Deal programs created to provide "Relief, Reform, and Recovery" for American citizens, banks, and businesses during the Great Depression. Example, WPA, CCC, FDIC |
| Deficit Spending | Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes |
| Social Security | (FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal |
| Stock Market Crash 1929 | Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 on Black Tuesday it took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock |
| How did the Cold War with the USSR effect both inside and outside the United States? | Many Americans fears the spread of communism inside of the United States. Outside of the United States, America implemented. Strategy of containment to stop the spread of communism. |
| Origins of the Cold War | Even though the US and Russia were Allies in WWII, they became distrustful of one another as the war came to an end and Stalin installed pro |
| Countries involved in the Cold War | US, Britain, Western European Nations v. Russia/ East Germany |
| Harry Truman | He was the president of the US the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War. |
| John F. Kennedy | president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the Cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on TV and told the public about thee crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet union to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the Berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. |
| Communism | A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. |
| Capitalism | An economic system based on private property and free enterprise. |
| Containment | American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world |
| Truman Doctrine | 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey |
| Domino Theory | A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries |
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