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USH Unit 2
SSUSH 3-5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| American Revolution | change in the American mind from being British colonists to becoming independent states |
| Revolutionary War | War fought by the 13 colonies for the independence from Britain |
| French and Indian War | 1754-1763; Britain and 13 colonies defeat French and Indian allies; France loses North American land claims; Britain taxes colonists to pay for war. |
| Treaty of Paris, 1763 | negotiated settlement that ended the French and Indian War |
| Proclamation of 1763 | British law to attempt to prevent any more American colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains to curtail further American Indian attacks |
| Stamp Act | tax collected on every document or newspaper printed or used in the colonies |
| Intolerable Acts | passed to punish colonies after Boston Tea Party |
| Sons of Liberty | group in Boston that organized protests and boycotts; led by Samuel Adams |
| Daughters of Liberty | organized women in Boston that made homespun goods to support boycotts of British goods |
| Committees of Correspondence | group to efficiently communicate with the other colonies concerning new taxes and protests |
| Sugar Act | tax on importation of molasses, key ingredient of rum |
| Tea Act | lowered tax on tea to try and manipulate colonists to buy cheap tea and pay taxes without representation |
| Boston Tea Party | protest by Sons of Liberty dumping chests of tea in Boston Harbor in protest of Tea Act |
| Thomas Paine | author of Common Sense; inspired more Americans to support independence from Britain |
| Common Sense | pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in common language; inspired more Americans to support independence |
| Declaration of Independence | document written by Thomas Jefferson; ideological explanation for American independence; adopted by Second Continental Congress July 4, 1776 |
| Committee of Five | group selected by Congress to draft a written rationale for independence |
| Thomas Jefferson | primary author of Declaration of Independence; member of Committee of Five |
| John Locke | British philosopher who believed that inspired Jefferson's writings in the Declaration |
| natural rights | all individual naturally possess certain rights regardless of status |
| social contract theory | people have the right to choose their own form of government and give it power |
| French alliance | France became critical ally in America's Revolutionary War for independence against Britain |
| Benjamin Franklin | American diplomat secured French alliance after Battle of Saratoga |
| John Adams | American diplomat secured loans from the Dutch and was in France with Franklin |
| Continental Army | American colonial forces during the Revolutionary War; led by George Washington |
| George Washington | Commander in Chief of the Continental Army |
| Baron von Steuben | Prussian that trained Continental Army at Valley Forge |
| Marquis de LaFayette | French aristocrat that fought with Americans in Continental Army; helped with French alliance |
| Valley Forge | harsh winter camp for Continental Army in PA; Washington's leadership kept together |
| Crossing of the Delaware / Battle of Trenton | surprise attack under Washington's command on Christmas 1776; defeated Hessians; morale boost |
| Battle of Saratoga | turning point in Revolutionary War; American victory secured French alliance |
| Battle of Yorktown | final battle of Revolutionary War; Cornwallis surrendered to Washington after being surrounded by Americans and French navy |
| General John Burgoyne | British General that lost Saratoga |
| General Horatio Gates | American General that won at Saratoga by securing the high ground |
| Crispus Attucks | free Black man living in Boston that was supporting Patriot cause; killed in Boston Massacre by British |
| Treaty of Paris, 1783 | ended the American Revolutionary War; United States won its independence from Great Britain; western border of US was Mississippi River |
| Articles of Confederation | first government of the United States after Declaration of Independence; too weak; later replaced by stronger federal government under Constitution |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | law under AoC passed to organize and sell western lands to pay war debts |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | law under AoC established how new states would enter Union; banned slavery in the Northwest territory |
| Shays Rebellion | exposed weaknesses of Articles of Confederation leading to calls for a stronger central government |
| Constitution | outlines powers of federal government of USA; replaced the weak AoC |
| Great Compromise | created bicameral legislature (House and Senate) to settle dispute between large and small states over representation during the Constitutional Convention |
| House of Representatives | chamber of Congress with representation based on population of each state |
| Senate | chamber of Congress with equal representation for each state |
| Supreme Court | head of judicial branch of new federal government |
| limited government | power divided between three branches in federal government to check and balance power; power also divided between states and federal government |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | states only counted 60% of slave population for representation; slave trade protected for 20 years |
| Anti-Federalists | believed the national government created by the Constitution would be too powerful and would eliminate the power of the states |
| Federalists | believed the government created by the Constitution was designed to protect citizens from the concentration and abuse of power at the federal level through limited government structure |
| The Federalist Papers | essays that explain the Constitution and supported its ratification |
| Alexander Hamilton | leading Federalist, wrote 51 of the 85 Federalist Papers |
| James Madison | designed basic foundation of the Constitution; wrote 29 of the 85 Federalist Papers |
| Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments to the Constitution; protect individual rights and reserves rights to the states; adding Bill of Rights got Antifederalists to support ratification of Constitution |
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