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History SG 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor expecting that after Americans experienced Japan’s power, they would... | Shrink from further conflict. |
| Who was George Marshall? | The leader of the armed forces mobilization effort. He ensured that American soldiers were well equipped and properly trained. Marshall also played an important role in developing the nation’s military strategy. |
| What was the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)? | Under this bill, women volunteers would serve in noncombat positions. The bill establishing the WAAC became law on May 15, 1942. The law gave the WAACs an official status and salary but few of the benefits that male soldiers received. |
| What is the WAC? | In July 1943 the U.S. Army dropped the “auxiliary” status and gave the Women’s Army Corps full U.S. Army benefits. They were nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and pilots. They performed duties not involving direct combat. |
| What was the Office of War Information (OWI)? | Starting in June 1942 this government agency for spreading propaganda to influence the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the public in favor of the war effort. These encouraged a positive vision of the United States. |
| What is inflation? | A general rise in the level of prices. When it occurs, each dollar that a person earns will buy fewer goods and services than it did before. |
| What did the Office of Price Administration (OPA) do? | The OPA fought inflation by freezing prices on most goods. Congress also raised income tax rates and extended the tax to millions of people who had never paid it before. As a result, workers had less to spend. This reduced inflation by 30%. |
| According to some estimates, preparations for World War II cost the U.S. government... | More than $300 billion. |
| After restructuring the tax system, Congress created... | The withholding system of payroll deductions to collect income taxes. Employers withheld a percentage of their workers’ pay from each paycheck. |
| What's the War Production Board (WPB)? | It made sure that the armed forces and war industries received the resources they needed. The WPB decided which companies would change from peacetime to wartime production. |
| What's the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)? | The OSRD stimulated improvements in semiconductor technology, which is vital for modern communications equipment. In turn, these advances led to the development of radar and sonar. They also developed new bombs and guided missiles. |
| What was the Manhattan Project? | It set up an intensive program in 1942 to develop a bomb as quickly as possible. Much of the early research was performed at Columbia University in Manhattan. |
| Much of the responsibility for transporting goods to the war fronts fell to the... Who were they? | U.S. merchant marines. -They were a fleet of civilian merchant ships. |
| What was the National War Labor Board (NWLB)? | It served as a mediator between labor and management to prevent strike, protests about wages by setting limits on wage increases, which took the decision out of management’s hands and banned workers from quitting or changing unions while employed. |
| What down side had occurred with agriculture supply and demand during this time? What caused it? | Many of the new workers in America’s factories had previously worked on farms, as had many soldiers. The departure of so many workers from American farms led to a severe shortage of agricultural laborers. |
| What were braceros? | Hired hands. During this time, they were a program aimed to hire Mexicans to work on farms. |
| What was the Berlin Wall? | A concrete wall topped with barbed wire that divided the city in two. |
| What was the Warsaw Pact? | The Warsaw Pact linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern European countries. Together, these countries believed they would be able to withstand any NATO offensives. |
| Unlike NATO, which was governed jointly by a council of its member states, the Warsaw Pact was firmly... | Under Soviet control. |
| What was Sputnik? | The world’s first artificial satellite. Sputnik traveled around the earth at 18,000 miles per hour, circling the globe every 96 minutes. |
| What was the Space Race? | The competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to be the first to reach space. |
| The first attempt at an American satellite launch was a... | Humiliating failure, with the rocket toppling to the ground. |
| As America's U-2 passed over the Soviet Union, it... | Used infrared cameras to take detailed photographs of troop movement and missile sites. |
| What was the H-Bomb? | The hydrogen bomb. They estimated such a bomb would have the force of 1 million tons of TNT (67 times the power dropped on Hiroshima). |
| What was ICBM? | Ballistic missiles. |
| What was the nuclear arms race? | An international contest between countries seeking a military advantage over each other. |
| What is brinksmanship? | The willingness of the United States under President Eisenhower to go to the edge of all-out war. Under this policy, the United States trimmed its army and navy and expanded its air force (which would deliver the bombs) and its buildup of nuclear weapons. |
| What was massive retaliation? | A military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate with much greater force in the event of an attack. |
| Eisenhower showed massive retaliation by vowing to... | Launch a devastating counterstrike to any attack, whether nuclear or not. Such a counterattack would be as damaging—or even more damaging—to the attacking nation as it was to the one attacked, thereby deterring anyone from attacking the United States. |
| What was mutually assured destruction? | This policy would form a cornerstone of American and Soviet nuclear policy for the next few decades. |
| What was arms race? | An international contest between countries seeking a military advantage over each other. |
| What is mutually assured destruction? | 2 or more countries that are willing to consider a direct attack against its opponent. An example is between the United States and the Soviet Union, where both countries refused to launch an attack due to fear of further destruction of their own country. |
| What was a satellite state/communist bloc? | Countries dependent upon and dominated by the Soviets. |
| What was the baby boom? | As soldiers returned from World War II and settled into family life, they contributed to an unprecedented population explosion known as the baby boom. |
| What were the Nuremberg Trials? | The discovery of Hitler’s death camps led the Allies to put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial. They were charged with crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes. The trials were held in the southern German town of Nuremberg. |
| What were the people during Nuremberg accused of? | -War Crimes. -Crimes Against Peace. -Crimes Against Humanity. |
| Who was Jonas Salk? | He developed a vaccine for the crippling disease poliomyelitis—polio. |
| Why did Germany split? | The United States and its allies clashed with the Soviet Union over the issue of German reunification after World War II. |
| Which countries occupied the West and East sides of Berlin? | -West: French, British, and America. -East: the Soviet Union. |
| What was the demilitarized zone? | The location of the cease-fire line at the existing battle line. |
| Who was Mao Zedong? | He lead the Communists in China’s civil war. |
| What was Brown vs. Board of Education? | Ruled school segregation unconstitutional. |
| What were the Jim Crow Laws? | These were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern U.S. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. |
| What was Plessy v. Ferguson? | The U.S. Supreme Court decision affirming segregation, by ruling the separate but equal facilities were constitutional. |
| What was Brown v. Board of Education? | Ruled school segregation unconstitutional. |
| Who were the Little Rock Nine? | Nine African American students who had volunteered to integrate Little Rock’s Central High School as the first step in Blossom’s plan. |
| What case was taken for the Brown v. Board of Education case? | In this case, the father of 8 year old Linda Brown had charged the board of education of Topeka, Kansas, with violating Linda’s rights by denying her admission to an all-white elementary school four blocks from her house. |
| Who was Thurgood Marshall? | Marshall and his NAACP lawyers would win 29 out of 32 cases argued before the Supreme Court. Several of the cases became legal milestones, each chipping away at the segregation platform of Plessy v. Ferguson. |
| Japanese attempts to create an empire prior to WWII were in conflict with the U.S. goal of... | Maintaining an open trade policy in Asia. |
| After WWI, the United States signed treaties with other nations in an attempt to prevent future wars. What actions were taken to prevent war? What policy reflected that? | -Limit of naval arms and limit territorial expansion. -Isolationist policy. |
| What reasons were effects of the migration? | -Jazz was established as an American music genre. -Cities became cultural centers where experiences were shared and celebrated. |
| ***The migration of African Americans to the North during and following WWI was mainly a result of the... | Availability of new factory jobs. |
| Which social change was encouraged by the movement for prohibiton in the United States? | Outlawing of alcohol in the United States. |
| What were the five causes of the Great Depression? | -International Restricted Trade. -Speculation, or buying on margin. -Monetary Policy. -Easy Credit. -Overproduction. |
| April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin became the first... | Human in space. |
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OliviaRoark
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