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Unit 7 Terms
APUSH/USH
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Imperialism | The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker nations |
| Reasons to be Imperialist | Seeking economic opportunities; used racial theories to justify their position; chance to be competetive woth other European empires; perception that western frontier was 'closed' |
| Reasons to be Anti-Imperialist | Objected out of fear of diversity; politically dominating people was not compliant with democracy; invoked racial theories & US foreign policy of isolationism to argue US should not extend territory overseas; should focus on domestic problems instead |
| Social Darwinism | the theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin perceived in plants and animals in nature |
| White Man's Burden | a duty formerly asserted by white people to manage the affairs of nonwhite people whom they believed to be less developed |
| Isolationism | national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries |
| Alaska | acquired by William Seward for the United States in 1867; became a state in 1959; criticized as "Seward's Icebox" at first because it was believed that the land was useless; later found out that the land was rich in timber, minerals, and oil |
| Hawaii | Stopping point for American merchants headed to China & East India; Pearl Harbor (refueling station); annexed in 1898; had sugar plantations that were valuable to the United States |
| Seward's Icebox | What Alaska was referred to before it was discovered that this future state was rich in natural resources |
| Pearl Harbor | location in Hawaii used as a refueling station; later will be important in the context of WWII |
| Sugar Plantations | What Hawaii was rich of & the United States benefitted largely from; free of ratiffs |
| Queen Liliuokalani | Overthrown by pro-business rebels & US Marines; replaced by Sanford B. Dole |
| President William McKinley | Born in Ohio; 25th president; Republican; brought about financial & tariff reforms to accelerate the economic growth of the nation; reelected in 1900; president during Spanish-American War; Roosevelt took my place as president when I was assassinated |
| Muckrakers | provided detailed, accurate journalistic accounts of the political and economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big business in a rapidly industrializing United States |
| Standard Oil Company | an American company and corporate trust that from 1870 to 1911 was the industrial empire of John D. Rockefeller and associates, controlling almost all oil production, processing, marketing, and transportation in the United States |
| Ida Tarbell | American journalist, lecturer, and chronicler of American industry best known for her classic The History of the Standard Oil Company to expose Rockefeller |
| Jacob Riis | Danish American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist, and social documentary photographer known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City; author of "How the Other Half Lives" |
| 17th Amendment | allowed for the direct election of Senators by the people; change from state legislators electing Senators |
| Initiative | Voters could require legislators to consider a bill they were ignoring; Example: Prop 8 which addressed same-sex marriage |
| Referendum | Voters could vote on the adoption of proposed laws; Example: Raising the minimum wage |
| Recall | A way to remove a corrupt politician before the term was complete; Example: CA & Gavin Newson in 2021 |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 26th POTUS; Square Deal; Sherman Antitrust Act; Pure FOod & Drug Act; Conservation; Rough Rider; Spanish American War |
| Square Deal | attempted to appease the workers & business leaders; happened under the presidency of Teddy Roosevelt; which reflected his three major goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection |
| Upton Sinclair | Author of "The Jungle" which exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry; muckraker who wrote nearly 100 books |
| The Jungle | Book authored by Upton Sinclair that outlined the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry |
| Pure Food & Drug Act | prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation's first consumer protection agency, the Food and Drug Administration |
| Woodrow Wilson | a leader of the Progressive Movement; 28th POTUS; changed his stance to being neutral during WWI to taking a stance of "making the world safe for democracy" |
| Booker T. Washington | an educator & reformer, the most influential spokesman for Black Americans between 1895 and 1915; urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | ocial equality must be established first, in the American society, for blacks to earn their rightful place in the society; met with other intellectuals to protest & act on securing rights for the black population |
| 19th Amendment | protected a women's right to vote |
| Allied Powers | also known as the "Triple Entente," Britain, Russia, & France |
| Central Powers | also known as the Triple Alliance; Germany; Austria-Hungary, & Italy |
| Neutrality | Woodrow Wilson's original stance on US's entry into WWI; will eventually change |
| Submarine Warfare | What the Germans engaged in & will eventually be one of the reasons the US will enter WWI |
| Lusitania | The passenger ship full of Americans that will be sunk by the Germans prior to the US joining WWI |
| Propaganda | the dissemination of information—facts, arguments, rumours, half-truths, or lies—to influence public opinion |
| Zimmermann Telegram | coded piece that was intercepted by war coders; authored by the Germans; propsed an alliance with Mexico if the US were to join WWI; would be a reason that the US would enter WWI |
| War Industry Boards | existed from July 1917 to December 1918 to coordinate and channel production in the United States by setting priorities, fixing prices, and standardizing products to support the war efforts of the United States and its allies |
| Food Administration | an independent Federal agency that controlled the production, distribution and conservation of food in the U.S. during the nation's participation in World War I |
| Espionage Act | prohibited obtaining info, recording pictures, or copying descriptions of any info relating to the national defense with intent or reason to believe that the info may be used for the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation |
| Sedition Act | In one of the first tests of freedom of speech, the House passed this, permitting the deportation, fine, or imprisonment of anyone deemed a threat or publishing “false, scandalous, or malicious writing” against the government of the United States |
| Schenck v United States | SCOTUS ruled that the freedom of speech protection afforded in the U.S. Constitution's First Amendment could be restricted if the words spoken or printed represented to society a “clear and present danger.” |
| John J. Pershing | He served most famously as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Western Front during World War I, from 1917 to 1918 |
| Fourteen Points | a proposal made by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in a speech before Congress on January 8, 1918, outlining his vision for ending World War I in a way that would prevent such a conflagration from occurring again |
| Treaty of Versailles | signed by Germany & the Alied Nations on June 28, 1919; formally ending WWI ; terms greatly impacted Germany |
| League of Nations | Wilson's idea; meant to be an organization for international cooperation; US never joined; not effective; disbanded in 1946 |
| Xenophobia | the fear or hatred of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange |
| Yellow Journalism | a style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts; came about during the Spanish American War with the USS Maine |
| Platt Amendment | US would intervene if economic interests were threatened; made it very difficult for Cuba to act in their own interests |
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msheiser13
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