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Chapter 10 Review
Key people, vocab, events and Supreme Court Cases for chapter 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Little Rock Nine | group of nine African American students chosen to integrate a high school in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 - but they were barred from entering |
| School Desegregation | process by which the United States ended race-based segregation in schools |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | Inspired by Rosa Parks, it was a protest that brought Martin Luther King into leadership in the Civil Rights Movement and pressured to integrate public transportation. |
| Civil Disobedience | nonviolent protest against non-just laws |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | protected voting rights for all Americans, opened public facilities for people of all races, and established a commission to protect equal job opportunities for African Americans |
| Twenty-fourth Amendment | banned the poll tax |
| Fair Housing Act | prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental or financing of dwellings based on race, color, national origin, sex or familial status |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Forbid literacy tests, allowed federal examiners to register voters where people are suspected of denying African American right to vote, directed attorney general to take legal action against states that continued using poll tax in state elections |
| Earl Warren | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1953-1969, expanded rights of the accused, landmark cases include Brown v Board of Education and Miranda v. Arizona |
| George Wallace | segregationist governor of Alabama who tried to prohibit the enrollment of African Americans at the University of Alabama |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | Promoted antipoverty and civil rights through the Great Society, expanded America's involvement in the Vietnam War, decided not to seek reelection due to backlash regarding US involvement in Vietnam |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas | Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson's separate but equal doctrine and ruled that separate education facilities (segregated) are unequal and therefore violate the constitution. |
| The Feminine Mystique | A book written by Betty Friedan that argued that society forced women out of the job market after World War II. Said that not all women were content with role of homemaker. |
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) | Controversial proposal - Opponents claimed that women's rights movement led to increased divorce, abortions and recognition of homosexuality. Proponents argued that protections for "equality of rights" was necessary. Has not been ratified by the states. |
| Equal Pay Act | Required employers to pay equal wages for equal work |
| Title IX | forbids gender discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities |
| Stonewall Inn Riots | a series of riots that occurred as a result of police raid of a gay bar; helped inspire the Gay Rights Movement |
| Silent Spring | Book written by Rachel Carson that identified the hazards of pesticides. Helped inspire the modern environmental movement. |
| Clean Air Act (1970) | the first major comprehensive law addressing air pollution |
| Clean Water Act (1972) | first major comprehensive law addressing water pollution |
| Endangered Species Act (1973) | designed to protect plants and animals that were ruled most in danger of becoming extinct. |
| Betty Friedan | Women's Rights Activist whos book, The Feminine Mystique encouraged women to find their own identity outside of marriage. Helped found National Organization of Women (NOW) |
| Cesar Chavez | Latino leader of California Farm workers from 1962-1993, organized the United Farm Workers (UFW) to help migrant farm workers gain better pay and working conditions; used nonviolent tactics, boycotts and hunger strikes |
| Rachel Carson | Environmentalist whose book, Silent Spring (1962), identified hazards of agricultural pesticides. Inspired the modern environmental movements |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | Declared state laws making abortions illegal were unconstitutional while stating certain limits and conditions. |
| Mapp v. Ohio (1961) | Ruled the 4th and 14th amendments protected against illegal searches. Evidence obtained without a search warrant cannot be used in federal or state courts |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | The 6th amendment right to an attorney required state to provide lawyers to poor people accused of felonies. |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | Established the requirement prior to questioning to inform those accused of crimes that they have the right to remain silent, the right to a lawyer, and that what they say can be used in court. |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | Reciting of an official prayer in schools violated the 1st Amendments establishment of religion clause. |
| Great Society | The name given to President Johnson's domestic programs of the 1960s including programs such as Medicare and Medicaid |
| Medicare | federal program created in 1965 to provide basic hospital insurance to most Americans over the age of sixty-five |
| Medicaid | federal program created in 1965 to provide low-cost health insurance to poor Americans of any age |
| supply-side economics | theory that government can best stimulate the economy by cutting taxes and encouraging investment. Called "trickle-down" by opponents |
| Reaganomics | President Reagan's economic programs that cut taxes, cut spending on social programs, and cut regulations that impacted businesses. |
| Great Recession | From 2007-2008 - the largest economic downturn since the Great Depression |
| Affordable Care Act | forbid insurance to divide health insurance to applicants, extended health insurance to young adults until age 26 if they are living at home, and eventually require all Americans to obtain health insurance. |
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