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AP HUG Final Unit
Industrial & Economic Development
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| industrial revolution | A set of changes in tech that drastically ↑ manufacturing productivity (starting in mid-1700s) England →France & Netherlands→Germany→USA→E & S Europe→Japan→Parts of China & South America |
| Fordism | ↑ specialization-assembly line manufacturing ↑ productivity |
| Post-Fordism | characterized by automation, where the workers are often trained to do > 1 job |
| substitution principle | Human labor replaced by computed or machine automation |
| primary sector | economic sector: Extracting natural resources |
| secondary sector | economic sector: Processing natural resources |
| tertiary sector | economic sector: Providing services |
| quaternary sector | economic sector: Providing knowledge & info |
| quinary sector | economic sector: “Gold Collar” workers- highly paid pros involved w/ creation/evaluation of new ideas, tech, & services |
| situation factor | Costs associated w/ the transportation networks |
| bulk-reducing industry | if inputs weigh more than the final products, plant location is near the source of inputs |
| bulk-gaining industry | a product that gains volume/weight during production. Plants located near the market ↓ costs of transportation |
| agglomeration | the spatial grouping of businesses |
| single-market manufacturers | specialized manufacturers w/ only 1 or 2 customers |
| break-of-bulk point | a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible |
| containerization | method of shipping freight in relatively uniform, sealed, movable containers whose contents don’t have to be unloaded @ each break of bulk point |
| site factors | Costs resulting from the unique characteristics of a location |
| labor-oriented industries | Companies that locate close to major training institutions (colleges) |
| locational interdependence | the location decision for a factory is dependent upon the location of other factories |
| just-in-time delivery | a system in which the inputs needed in the assembly process arrive @ the assembly plant very close to when they’re needed |
| footloose | ability to pack up & leave for a new location quickly & easily |
| front office | main offices for executives; public face of the company; often very expensive locations in top floors of city buildings |
| back office | cheaper office space |
| offshoring | locating services & manufacturing in other countries (If costs are lower & worth the risk) |
| offsourcing | contracting work out to non company employees or other companies |
| transnational corporations | companies that operate in more than 1 country |
| New international division of labor | a system of employment in the various economic sectors spread throughout the world |
| Export processing zones (EPZs) | physical spaces w/i a country where special regulations benefit foreign-controlled businesses |
| postindustrial | an economy that no longer employs large #s of ppl in factories |
| brownfield | a property which has the presence or potential to be a hazardous waste, pollutant or contaminant |
| rust belt | the US region hit hardest by deindustrialization, the NE & lands around the Great Lakes |
| technopole | a hub for info-based industry & high-tech manufacturing |
| spin-off benefit | positive outcome in addition to the main outcome |
| backwash effect | possible downside of growth poles |
| per capita | per person |
| Gini coefficient | measures distribution of income w/i a pop |
| gender gap | differences in the privileges afforded to males & females in a culture |
| Gender Inequality Index (GII) | Considers reproductive health, empowerment, & labor market participation of women to determine a country’s composite score |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | Combines 1 economic measure w/ several social measures |
| modernization model | a model that focuses on the shift from traditional → modern forms of society |
| dependency model | countries do not exist in isolation but are part of an intertwined world system in which all countries are dependent on each other |
| sustainable development | any economic development that serves the current needs of ppl w/o making it harder for ppl in the future to live well |
| ecotourism | tourism that attempts to protect local ecosystems & to educate visitors ab them |
| microfinance | provision of small loans & other financial services to individuals & small businesses in developing countries |
Created by:
ansleyfaiv
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