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PATH II Test 2
Chapters 13-15
TERM | DEFINITION |
---|---|
Asthma | An episodic and reversible branchospasm resulting from exaggerated response to stimuli |
Emphysema | is a permanent enlargement of the |
Bronchiectasis | is a permanent dilation of the |
Atelectasis | A collapsed lung due to inadequate expansion of |
Obstructive lung disease | Lung capacity and forced vital capacity are near normal but can’t get the air out. |
Restrictive lung diseases | characterized by |
Asthma | is trapped distal to bronchi so lungs overinflate |
Emphysema | permanent enlargement of the |
Restrictive diseases | The FVC is reduced and the FEV1 normal so |
Chronic restrictive lung disease | These patients have a proportionally reduced FEV1 / FVC and the ratio is not reduced. |
Obstructive diseases | FEV / FVC ratio is reduced |
Intrinsic asthma | Charcot-Leydin crystals (eosinophilic proteins) |
Panacinar (panlobular) emphysema | a1 – antitrypsin deficiency |
classic emphysemic | barrell chested |
no bronchitis | when present there is a pink buffer |
Bronchitis | when present there is a blue bloater |
Interstitial lung disease | is basement membrane |
Endothelial Damage | =poor perfusion |
Alveolar Damage | =poor ventilation |
Restrictive lung disease: | Adult respiratory distress syndrome ARDS: |
ARDS | is usually caused by endothelial damage |
Goodpasture’s syndrome | : Glomerulonephritis |
pulmonary emboli | More than 95% of ____________ arise from |
Primary pulmonary | : idiopathic hypertension |
secondary pulmonary: | (1) Chronic or interstitial lung disease. |
Tuberculosis Infection | means that the person has the TB |
Tuberculosis Disease | with TB does equates tissue damage |
Ghon focus | As sensitization develops there is a 1.5 cm |
Ghon complex | If bacilli spread to nodes –escapes from lung |
Pott’s disease | When vertebrae are affected by TB |
Apical tumors (Pancoast tumors) | may invade sympathetic plexus > Horner’s syndrome |
Azotemia | refers to an elevation of the blood |
Post renal azotemia | : is urine flow obstruction, uretur |
Prerenal azotemia | : is hypoperfusion. Kidney OK, blood clot outside kidney |
Acute nephritic syndrome | is acute onset of visible hematuria, moderate proteinuria, and hypertension. |
Nephrotic syndrome | has heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria.nuria, |
cystitis | - inflammation of urinary bladder |
nephritis | - inflammation of kidney |
hematuria | - bloody urine |
hemoglobinuria | – hemolytic disease |
Acute renal failure (ARF) | presents with oliguria (scant urine) or anuria (no urine) with the recent onset of azotemia. It can result from glomerular injury, interstitial injury, or acute tubular necrosis. |
endothelial cells | Fenestrated __________ - capillary walls |
Glomerular basement membrane GMB | - lamina rara and densa collagen, anionic proteoglycans, fibronectin |
Visceral epithelial cells- | podocytes with pedicels, filtration slits |
Mesangial cells- | separate capillaries, phagocytic, contractile |
hematuria | - bloody urine |
hemoglobinuria | – hemolytic disease |
glucosuria | – sugar in urine |
proteinuria | –loss of protein in urine(> 3.5 gm/day), (albumin) |
Hyperlipidemia | increased VLDL(associated with nephrotic syndrome appears to be a result of decreased plasma oncotic pressure, which stimulates hepatic VLDL synthesis and secretion) |
nephritic syndrome albumin | globulin ratio gets reversed (normal: albumin 4.4 gm/dl and globulin 2.5 gm/dl) |
anasarca | - Generalized edema |
ascites | – abdominal edema |
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) | The histologic picture is the presence of crescentic masses in Bowman’s capsule due parietal cell proliferation |
Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) | - Defect in a gene producing polycystin |
Urolithiasis | is calculus formation at any level in the urinary collection system, but most often calculi arise in the kidney |
Cystine stones | can occur in genetically determined renal transport perturbations of certain amino acids and also as happens in uric acid stones, arises in acidic urine |
hydroureter | dilated ureter |
Hydronephrosis | refers to the dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, with accompanying atrophy of the parenchyma, caused by obstruction to the outflow of urine |
Renal cell carcinoma | tumor can invade the renal vein and extend as a solid column even into the right side of the heart. |
Wilms’ tumor | Too many cells proliferate in the kidney, increase in size of kidney |
Herpesvirus infection-HV1 | -(fever blister, cold sore) - Common and transmitted by kissing |
Genital herpes HSV -2 | - Transmitted by sexual contact, Vesicles on genital area |
Pseudomembrane | - Candida albicans plaque when immunoprotection is lowered |
thrush | - Candida albicans, Adherent white curd-like plaques anywhere in the mouth. |
Hairy leukoplakia | is almost exclusively seen in AIDS and is caused by infection with the Epstein- Barr virus. Does not go to carcinoma. Whitish, well-defined, mucosal patch or plaque caused by epidermal thickening or hyperplasia |
Aphthous ulcers (canker sores) | . Common, small (< 5 mm), painful, shallow ulcers. They form singly or as a group covered with a gray exudate and rimmed by erythematous tissue. They appear on the soft palate, buccolabial mucosa, floor of the mouth, and lateral sides of the tongue. |
squamous cell carcinomas | The overwhelming preponderance of oral cavity cancers are |
Sjogren’s syndrome | (blank) |