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historyYayaya
history
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| the 3 things that moved western civilization... | printing press, gun power, and the discovery/exploration of the new world. |
| the printing press: | was able to distribute large amounts of knowledge, mass production of the bible, created in 8th century china. |
| gun power: | dismantled social structure ot the mid ages (weaponry), created in china. |
| the discovery/exploration of the new world: | N/S america, slave trade, race based judgement. |
| trans-atlantic slave trade key points... | start of capitalism, militarism, and race based slavery/bias |
| capitalism: | "an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state" |
| militarism: | "the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests" |
| race based slavery/bias: | enslavement of people specifically because they are apart of a particular race (black/indigenous peoples at the time). |
| characteristic of the medieval world... | poverty, lack of hygiene, isolation/isolated kingdom, monarchy/no elected leaders, feudalism (lords, nights, nobles, pheasants), lack of logic/reasoning, extreme wealth discrepancy, religion/catholicism, lack of medical advancements, plague. |
| which era comes after the medieval era ? | the renaissance |
| the black death (the plague) | starts with the black death (plague)(wipes out 1/3 of the population)(lasts 5-10 years). the plague would make boils grow all over your body until you would die within 48 hours. |
| the black death (the plague) key points... | -began in 1347 sicily trading points -a ship came to shore and most of the sailors were dead -high fever, extreme pin, mysterious black boils. |
| the renaissance worldview... | -an intellectual and artistic flourishing that began in italy around 1350 and lasted until the 16th century. -french world view. -rebirth from italian world rinascita (radical and comprehensive cultural change) |
| question: why on earth would the renaissance occur at the moment that it did ? | in crisis (plague) people create art, the desire to live and live better, people wanted a rebirth: in italy people were walking around the ruins of the roman empire, they wanted to be better than the roman empire. |
| eras in order... | roman empire (625 BC - 476 AD ), medieval (476-1450), renaissance (1350-1527) |
| renaissance: why italy? | -center of trade from east to west. -next to the mediterranean sea -rise of merchant class (can you paint or sculpt someone?) |
| characteristics of the renaissance... | -the individual: Devine and rational rather than intensely unworthy. -history: restore lost elegance, birth of Venus. -vitruvian man: DaVinci -emphasis of science/ scientific inquiry. -reasoning and logic. -humanism. -geographic exploration. |
| What is the reformation ? | -took place during the renascence. -religious revolution -challenging the authority of the catholic church. |
| The Audimin empire key points… | -one of the longest lasting empires (1301-1922). -Islamic empire. -it replaces the Byzantine empire as a major eastern Mediterranean power. -dissolved with the treaty of Versailles. -the remains of the audimin empire is modern day turkey. |
| Who was a threat to the audimin empire ? | -the Audimin and the European empire are both modern threats to each other. |
| How did the ottoman’s get started ? | -nomadic tribes in 1301. -threat to the mongol takeover. -the nomadic tribes and the ottomans join to combat the mongols. -osman I (the first) |
| Ottoman military success key points… | -the nematics pushed back the Mongols, but they decide to stay together. -leadership, brotherhood, and military conquests. -families move into urban centres and begin growing power. -they build architecture to showcase their power (mosks and buildings) |
| What is are janissaries ? | -young boys taken from their homes to be trained for war. -an elite infantry unit. -some would become the local official in their towns. -at first it was seen as terrible, soon it was a desired job. |
| What is are sultans ? | -people born into sultan families would have to kill their many 1/2 brothers -harms: used to reproduce potential sultans (bro wtf), lived in an isolated part of the kingdom, would give birth until they had a single son then retire in the castle. |
| What was a major key to the ottomans success ? | -religious tolerance: they did not care what religious you practiced as long as you payed your taxes, but people would still pay different taxes based on their religions. -mainly populated with Christian, Jew and Muslim people. |
| Constantinople key points… | -a walled city -even with just 9000 wall defenders, they could probably win a battle against 100,000 attackers. -in 1453 ottomans dragged their ships over land to a river to attack Constantinoples wall. -Constantinople becomes Istanbul. |
| What happens 40 years after the ottomans takeover Constantinople ? | -Christopher Columbus goes to look for a new trading route. -he “finds” the Caribbean/the new world (N/S America) Key points: ottoman still continues trade. |
| The trans-Atlantic slave trade key points…(beginning ) | -beginning of white supremacy. -lasted 300 years, ended in 1860. -Christopher Columbus sails from Portugal to Cuba. - they would start in Europe, sail to Africa to trade literal humans for goods, sail to the “new world”, then go back to Europe. |
| The trans-Atlantic slave trade key points…(occourances) | -they would take gold, goods, and indigenous land, and left behind disease and death. -the ships carried hundreds at a time. -the average lifespan of of an enslaved person in Brazil was 3 months once they arrived. |
| Slavery abolishment timeline… | Abolished in the late 1700s in Canada, 1830 Britain, 1860 America, so the transatlantic slave trade ended in the 1869s |
| The trans-Atlantic slave trade key points…(geography) | -first, ppl were getting kidnapped from west Africa, then the leaders of the African town said “no we want a trading system” :-( -they brought these enslaved Africans to N/S America, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. |
| Points about Africa before slavery… | -Culturally: Musical, artistic, family-based village society. -economically: trades luxury items like bronze, ivory, gold, terracotta, and spices. -politically: mixed between large kingdoms to small villages. -skilled in medicine, math, and astronomy. |
| Causes of slavery… | -discovery of the new world. -sugar production. -indigenous deaths/land colonization. -need for cheap labour. -many Africans had natural immunity to European diseases. |
| The triangle trade… | -began in the 15th century -it was at its peak between 1699-1807 when British ships brought about 3million enslaved people to the “new world”. -over all 20 million Africans were enslaved. |
| European nations involved in the slave trade…(1695-1807) | -Liverpool: 5300 ships -London: 3100 ships -Bristol: 2200 ships -other ports: 450 ships |
| Define absolutism… | -a political theory or form of government holding that all power should be invested in one ruler or authority. |
| Define “the leviathan”… | -the belief that the king or queen gets its might and power from God. |
| Causes of the reformation and the exploration of the new world (the age of absolutism)… | -decline of feudalism: as the lords lost power the king and queens gained it. -decline of the Catholic church: as the church’s influence weakened, kinda and queens consolidated power. -religious wars. -growth of merchants. -renaissance ideas. |
| 1555- the peace of Augsburg key points… | -the rulers decide the religion of the people -catholic or Lutheran -you can love to a state of your choosing based on your religion. -eventually leads to more religious wars for another 100 years. |
| The scientific revolution key points…(origins) | -begins in Aprox. (1543-1700) -it starts in academy’s to learn about nature: these practices/studies were kept secret bc the church would have students arrester of excruciated for “hearsay”. -many scientists were seen as dissenters (activists). |
| How do the heavens hold together ? | -Aristotle: he said they they were heals together by invisible fixed tracks that surrounded the earth. -Ptolemy: he added more complex world view with lots of variants. |
| What forces were helping the scientific revolution ? | -the printing press. -the beginning of the world wide trade and exploration. -the renascence. -the reformation (of the Catholic Church). |
| Who was the first scientist of the scientific revolution ? | Leonardo DaVinci |
| DaVinci key points… | -studied the structure of growth and plants. -student of anatomy. -combined the fine eye of an artist with the precision of a scientist. -significance: represents the growing curiosity of time. |
| Nicholas Copernicus key points… | -born 20 years after DaVinci died. -wrote “concerning the revolutions of heavenly orbits”. -he was the first to say the earth revolved around the sun. -waited to publish his book until after he died. -he dedicated his book to the pope. |
| 1800s-the Age of Enlightenment key points… | -continues the tradition of questioning the church. -ppl start to believe that “God is de*d” -niche -theologians (ppl who use the biblical text to define everything) are replaces with philosophers (the new intellectuals). |
| The enlightenment key points… | -freedom: freedom of speech, rights, political opinions. -rationality: no more religion. -universal human rights. -secularism: separation between religion and politics. -critical thinking: science. -human happiness. |
| Who is Anton Wilhelm amo ? | -first African philosopher active in modern Europe. -he was a professor in “Halle and Jenna” (Germany) -wrote “on the impassivity of the human mind” -wrote “Devine things”. |
| Abraham Gannibal key points… | -Wrote “on the shoulders I of the giants” -born (1667 or 1669) |
| Race theory before the enlightenment key points… | -while their was racial prejudice in the west, it wasn’t at intense as it seemed to become. -slavery exists but it isn’t necessarily entrenched racial slavery yet. -racial stigmas around inferiority and supremacy grows with the enlightenment. |
| John Locke key points… | -one of the most influential enlightenment figures. -active in the American and French Revolutions. -shareholder in the royal African company. -wrote the fundamental constitutions of North Carolina |
| What significant quote is found in the fundamental constitutions of North Carolina ? | “every freeman was allowed to have absolute power and authority of their negro slave” -John loche |
| Immanuel Kant key points… | -“everyone is equal, all ppl deserve respect, nobody should be embarrassed” -he dunked that non-Europeans had the same status as Europeans, especially africans and native Americans. -wrote “anthology from a pragmatic pov” |
| Define eugenics… | Selective breeding to create the “best possible” human being. |
| Philosophers opposed to slavery…(Montesquieu) | -(1689-1755) -mocked prejudice against African’s. -“all slavery in morally pernicious (evil)” |
| Philosophers opposed to slavery…(Adam smith) | -Novel: wealth pf nations (1770) -“slavery it’s my economically advantageous” -“free ppl as labourers” -capitalistic argument against slavery. |
| French Revolution key points… | -end of terrible a monarchy/tyrants -vive le France -take down of bastille -ppl are proud of the French Revolution, but not the Haitian. |
| Causes of the French Revolution…(Major political upheaval) | -money. -economic hardships (w/ working class). -religious turmoil. -distrust in government. -ethnic and economic strikes and protests. |
| Causes of the French Revolution…(the outdated ancient regime) | -absolutism. -king Louis xvi was considered wear and ineffective. -king Louis and Marie Antoinette stayed in Versailles away from the people in Paris. -Louis couldn’t complete with the demands of the nobility, bourgeoisie, and his own bureaucrats. |
| Causes of the French Revolution…(new ideas and the enlightenment) | -American revolution (1765-1783): an example to prove that tyranny could be beaten, and republics can exist. -enlightenment thinkers called every aspect of the ancient regime into question. -France helped with the American revolution, and got inspired. |
| Causes of the French Revolution…(debt) | -the nobles and churches didn’t have to pay taxes, but that had the most money. -near bankrupt from the American revolution. -the king and queen lived a lavish lifestyle that they were not willing to give up. |
| Causes of the French Revolution…(bad harvest) | -weak harvest and bad winters resulted in less grain and less bread (1787-1788). -bread pieces soared and the poor could not afford to eat. -bread was most important to rial and urban pheasants. |
| Causes of the French Revolution…(inequality among the 3 estates) | -clergy: “guys who pray”, 1% of the population, owned 10% of the land. -nobles: “guys who play”, 20% of the population, owned 25% of the land. -middle class: “guys who pay”, 65% of the population, bourgeoisie to pheasants. |
| Women in the revolution… | -salons. -clubs. -speeches. -writing. -marches. -debates. -politically active. |
| Who is theroigne de mericourt..: | -radical women. -speeches. -debates at the estates-general. -became mentally I’ll and died in an insane asylum. -enemies claimed madness was bc of her “unfeminine” interest in politics. |
| Olympe de Gouges key points... | Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. |
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