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Gender Strat
Gender Stratification
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Arapesh | Culture located in Papua New Guinea that both male and female have characteristics that were socialized to be cooperative, unaggressive and empathetic. Pacifists |
| gender | Refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male. |
| gender stratification | The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women. |
| gender roles | The attitudes and activities that society links to each sex. |
| gender socialization | The process through which children learn about the social expectations, attitudes and behaviors typically associated with boys and girls. |
| kibbutz | A collective were all men and women collectively help out...cleaning toilets, planting crops, repairing buildings, supplying armed security. Men and women share in both work and decision making. |
| matriarchy | Societies in which women have greater power than men |
| Margaret Meed | A cultural anthropologist and writer that studied primitive cultures, exploring a central question in American life: How much of human behavior is universal, therefore presumably natural and unalterable, and how much is socially induced? |
| Mundugumur | Culture located in Papua New Guinea where both men and women were conditioned to be aggressive, ruthless & unresponsive to the needs of others. |
| George Murdock | An American anthropologist who conducted a broader (over 200 pre-industrial societies) study and found there is some global agreement about feminine and masculine tasks. He concluded that gender is too variable to be a simple expression of biology. |
| institutionalized sexism | Gender discrimination that is reflected in the policies and practices of organizations such as governments, corporations (workplaces), public institutions (schools, health care), and financial institutions. |
| patriarchy | A system of society or government in which men hold the power. |
| sex | Refers to the biological distinction between females and males. |
| sexism | The prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another. |
| Tchambuli | Culture located in Papua New Guinea where women were dominant, impersonal & aggressive and men were dependent and submissive. |
| occupational segregation | Occurs when one demographic group is over-represented or underrepresented among different kinds of work or different types of jobs. |
| pink-collar jobs | Denotes jobs and employment sectors dominated by women workers. Typically involves work that does not require much professional training or offer equal pay or prestige. |
| glass ceiling | Refers to an invisible barrier that prevents someone from achieving further success. It is most often used in the context of someone's gender keeping them from advancing to a certain point in a business, etc. |
| glass escalator | A concept used to describe the differences in upward advancement that men experience in so-called female-dominated occupations. |
| gender wage gap | The average difference in rates of pay between men and women. |
| gender discrimination | The unequal or disadvantageous treatment of an individual or group of individuals based on gender. |
| social construction of gender | Process whereby meanings of gender are created through social interaction and social norms. |
| motherhood penalty | Systematic disadvantages in wages, benefits, and other career factors that are associated with motherhood. |
| feminism | Movements that advocate for equality for all sexes and genders. |
| victim-blaming | When survivors of violence are viewed as responsible for their own assaults. The tendency to blame survivors is one example of what sociologists refer to as a rape myth. |
| rape myth | Stereotyped or false beliefs about sexual violence that may excuse or naturalize a perpetrator’s behavior. |
| sexual harassment | Comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated and unwelcomed. |
| pornography | Sexually explicit material that causes sexual arousal and has become increasing violent to entice more viewers. In most cases, this violence is directed toward women. |
| pink tax | Phenomenon where many women's products and services cost substantially more than comparable men's versions. |
| second shift | The household and childcare duties that follow the day's work for pay outside the home. While both men and women experience the second shift, women tend to shoulder most of this responsibility. |
| hostile sexism | Refers to beliefs and behaviors that are openly hostile toward a group of people based on their sex or gender. Misogyny, or the hatred of women, is an example of this type of sexism. |
| benevolent sexism | Sexism that includes views and behaviors that frame women as innocent, pure, caring and nurturing, fragile and in need of protection, beautiful, etc. |
| ambivalent sexism | Sexism that combines both hostile and benevolent forms. It fuses the seemingly contradictory beliefs that women are both fragile and pure as well as manipulative and conniving. |
| interpersonal sexism | Sexism that occurs in everyday interactions. Occurs amongst partners, friends, family members, co-workers. Examples: making inappropriate comments about someone’s appearance talking, down to someone based on assumptions about their gender, etc. |
| internalized sexism | Refers to sexist beliefs that a person has about themselves as a result of exposure to sexist behavior or the opinions of others. |
| Title VII (7) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin. |
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