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History 8th Midterm
Midterm Exam-History- 2022 Unit 1-5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| When and where were the first slaves brought to the colonies? | Jamestown, Virginia, 1619. |
| How were Enslaved Africans brought to the colonies? | The Triangular Trade. |
| The leg of the Triangular Trade, between America and Africa was known as what? | The Middle Passage. |
| After Britain taxed the colonies, what were the two demonstrations that the colonist did not like the taxes? | The Boston Tea Party(peaceful) & The Boston Massacre (not so peaceful). |
| What was the largest objection, colonist had to the taxes? | No taxation without representation. |
| Where did the First Continental Congress meet? | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . |
| What petition did the First Continental Congress issue to King George III? | The Olive Branch Petition. Which asked for compromise and protection on their rights. When King George III denied the petition he view the colonies in open rebellion and prepared to send troops to fight the colonist. |
| Where did the American Revolution begin? | Lexington Green, Massachusetts. |
| What benefits did Thomas Paine's Common Sense provide to the Revolution? | Colonist more commonly began to believe in independence. He did this by using bold clear language of all the benefits. He concluded that Britain would drag the colonies and prevent them from trading with other beneficial countries. |
| The Second Continental Congress chose who to write the declaration? | Thomas Jefferson. |
| The Declaration of Independence is made up of three parts. Name what each part talks about. | Part 1 explained that people had the right to declare themselves independent as well as listing the natural rights of all people. Part 2 explained the reasons for declaring themselves independent. Part 3 proclaimed the existence of a new nation. |
| When was the Declaration of Independence approved? | July 4th, 1776. |
| Why was the Declaration almost a fail? | A passage in the Declaration discussed the issue of slavery. This lead other colonies like, South Carolina to refuse to sign the document. The passage was taken out of the final copy of the Declaration to keep the states together. |
| What was the first Constitution called? | The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. |
| What did the Articles of Confederation create? | A ''firm league of friendship"among the states as well as a weak central government. |
| Under the Articles of Confederation, what powers did the states still have? | The states had the power to tax, to regulate trade, issue their own currency, and force citizens into the military. |
| Under the Articles of Confederation, what powers did the government have? | The government had to power to conduct foreign affairs, maintain the army, borrow money, and issue currency. |
| Name the strengths of the Articles of Confederation. | The strengths of the Articles were that, they won the war, unified the country, created a new government, expanded country into the Northwest Territory, established a post office, and they could make laws and treaties. |
| Name the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. | There was no executive & judiciary, had different currencies by state & no military, were unable to tax, took a lot of work to handle laws, only had 1 vote each state, couldn't handle disputes & enforce laws, and only had a unicameral Congress. |
| Under the Articles of Confederation what was needed to amend a law, or pass a law? | To amend a law, a consensus of 13/13 vote was needed. To pass a law a 9/13 vote was needed. |
| Who created the Land Ordinance of 1785? | Thomas Jerfferson. |
| Why was the Land Ordinance of 1785 created? | Established to survey and sell the western lands north of the Ohio River. |
| One section, section 16 was set aside in each township for what reason? | Public Schools. |
| What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 do? | Created a single Northwest Territory out of the lands north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River. |
| What territories, that we now know as states, came out of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? | Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. |
| What was needed for a territory to become a state? | -60,000 people living in that area -A state Constitution that specifically includes a ban on slavery |
| What were ways the government got people to settle in the Northwest Territories? | Trial by jury, freedom of religion, and public schools. |
| Under the Articles, why was the country so in debt? | The government did not have the power to deal with problems that arose. Because they could not force the colonies to use money they printed, other nations, states, and wealthy individuals gave us loans. Congress couldn't tax. |
| What was a solution to the debt the country was in? | Tariffs were placed on imports which harmed farmers. |
| What was the cause of Shays Rebellion? | Farmers suffered because they could not sell their goods. Which caused them to be unable to pay their own debts. Their land was them taken to pay off their debt. |
| After Shays Rebellion why did Washington called for a Constitutional Convention? | Washington wanted to rewrite the Articles. He knew it was needed after the Rebellion because it was proof that Congress lacked the power to run the country and solve problems among the new nation. |
| The Convention that was held for the revision of the Articles was when and where? | May 1787. Philadelphia, Independence Hall. (Where the declaration had been written). |
| What consisted of the Virginia Plan? | Bicameral legislature. Chief executive would be chosen by the legislative, a court system would be put in place. Representatives in the lower house would be elected by the people.Both houses would have a number of representatives proportional to the size |
| What does Bicameral mean? | Two Houses. |
| Who was the father of the Constitution? | James Madison. |
| What consisted of the New Jersey Plan? | Unicameral legislative. One vote per state. Weak chief executive chosen by legislative. Representation in the legislature would be equal among the states. |
| Who created the Great Compromise? | Roger Sherman |
| What consists of the Great Compromise? | A bicameral legislature. The lower house with representatives based on the states population. The upper house with an equal number of representatives per state. |
| What is the name of the Lower House in the legislative? | The House of Representatives. |
| What is the name of the upper house in the legislative? | The Senate. |
| How did Southerners think slaves should be counted for the legislature? | Southern states wanted slaves to count for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives, although they should not be taxed as property. |
| How did Northerners think slaves should be counted for the legislature? | Northern states objected because slaves were considered property. If they were considered people for purposes of representation, they should be set free. If they are property, they should be taxed as property. |
| What compromise was created to settle the dispute between Northern and Southern states? | The Three-Fifths Compromise. |
| What is the Three-Fifths Compromise? | James Wilson proposed the idea that three out of five slaves would be counted for both representation and taxation, and that Congress could not interfere with the slave trade until 1808. |
| How is Chief Executive chosen? | Electoral College. |
| How does the Electoral College work? | Each state has electors who cast votes for President. Each state has as many electoral votes as it does representatives plus senators. |
| Why was popularity vote by the people not chosen to vote for President? | The Framers were too scared that ill-educated people would choose badly. 'Media' was also limited at the time, so people would only vote for the candidate in their state, not the best choice. |
| What was the name of people in favor of ratification for the Constitution? | Federalist. |
| What was the name of people against the ratification of the Constitution? | Anti-Federalists. |
| What compromise was made so all the states would approve the Constitution? | A Bill of Rights would be added. |
| What is the highest law of the land? | The United States Constitution. |
| What is the Preamble? | The introduction to the Constitution. It sets out the goals and purposes of the Constitution. It created Federalism. Labels the Constitution as the supreme law of the land. |
| What does the Legislative Branch do? | Creates laws. |
| What does the Executive Branch do? | Enforce laws. |
| Who is made up of the Legislative Branch? | The House of Representatives(lower house of Congress) & the Senate(upper house of Congress). |
| Who is made up of the Executive Branch? | The Chief Executive(President), the Vice President, the cabinet, and administrative agencies. |
| Who acts as the President of the Senate? | Vice President. |
| What does the Judicial Branch do? | Interprets laws. |
| Who is made up of the Judicial Branch? | The United States Supreme Court and lower courts. |
| What is the main power of the Supreme Court? | Judicial Review. |
| Who created Judicial Review? | Justice John Marshall. |
| What is Judicial Review? | The power given to the Supreme Court to declare laws and acts by the President unconstitutional. |
| What case inspired the creation of Judicial Review? | Marbury vs Madison |
| What is the Bill of Rights? | The first 10 amendments of the United States. |
| What is the 1st Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | The right to free religion, speech, petition, assembly, and press. |
| What are the restrictions to the first amendments? | Speech- time, place, manner, incitement to violence, & schools. Religion-Not government sponsored, cannot violate already existing laws, & schools. Press- Slander, libel & schools Assembly- time, place, manner, public health danger Petition- time, place m |
| What case, that went before the Supreme Court, made the freedom of speech limited in schools? | Tinker vs Des Moines |
| What is Slander when talking about the freedom of press? | Lying in public words. |
| What is libel when talking about the freedom of press? | Lying to public in print. |
| What case, that went before the Supreme Court, made the freedom of press limited in schools? | Hazelwood School District vs Kuhlmeier. |
| What case, that went before the Supreme Court, made the freedom of religion limited in schools? | Wallace vs Jaffree. |
| What is the 2nd Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | The right to bear arms. |
| What are the restrictions to the second amendment? | -Licensed and registered with the state -Federal bans on certain types of weapons |
| What is the 3rd Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | No forced quartering of soldiers in private homes. |
| What is the 4th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | The right that protects you from illegal searches and seizures by government officials without a warrant based on evidence and signed by a judge. |
| What are the restrictions to the 4th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | -"Hot Pursuit" - Plain sight -Abandoned Property -Schools |
| What case, that went before the Supreme Court, made the right that protects you from illegal searches and seizures, limited in schools? | New Jersey vs T.L.O. |
| Explain "Hot Pursuit" | If an officer saw you commit a crime, they wouldn't need a warrant to search your house, you, or your car if they chased you and witnessed where you went. |
| Explain "Plain Sight" | If an officer knocked on your door and saw something stolen or illegal in plain sight in your home or car, they wouldn't need a warrant to search your property. |
| Explain "Abandoned Property" | Abandoning evidence that can be used against you in court, during prosecution. |
| What is the 5th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | The right to remain silent or right to an attorney. |
| What are the restrictions to the 5th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | -Innocent until proven guilty -Government cannot take private property for public use without buying it with fair price. |
| What is the 6th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | The right to a speedy trial. |
| What are the restrictions to the 6th Amendments in the Bill of Rights? | -Waived by the accused - Accused for a misdemeanor -Speed is determined by the courts schedule |
| What is the 7th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | Right to a jury trial. |
| What is the restriction to the 7th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | The jury decides the final verdict of the case and judge cannot overrule that decision. |
| What is the 8th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | The right that protects accused people from cruel or unusual punishments. |
| What are the restrictions of the 8th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | Bail can be waived by the accused -Death Penalty is neither cruel or unusual |
| What is the 9th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | The right that protects natural born rights and rights not listed in the Constitution. (Ex. Right to privacy) |
| What is the restriction to the 9th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | The government can put little restrictions on certain rights. |
| What is the 10th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | The right that protects the states from federal power and gives power to the states other rights listed by the government. |
| What is the restriction to the 10th Amendment in the Bill of Rights? | State laws cannot violate the U.S. Constitution or contradict Federal law. |
| Who was President George Washington's Vice President? | John Adams. |
| What was one precedent set forward by Washington? | A Presidential Cabinet. |
| Who was the Secretary of State in Washington's cabinet? | Thomas Jefferson. He carried out foreign affairs. |
| Who was the leader of the Federalist? | Alexander Hamilton. |
| Who was the leader of the Democratic- Republicans? | Thomas Jefferson. |
| Who was Secretary of Treasury in Washington's cabinet? | Alexander Hamilton. He handled economic issues. |
| Who was Secretary of War in Washington's cabinet? | Henry Knox. Handled the defense of the country. |
| Who was Attorney General in Washington's cabinet? | Edmund Randolph. Was the legal advisor to the country and the President. |
| How did Washington handle the Whiskey Rebellion? | He ordered a militia and the U.S. army to Pennsylvania. This set a precedent that the President could use military force when necessary to maintain order in the nation. |
| What were Washington's two tips to future Presidents and the nation in his Farewell Address? | He advised people to not create political parties, so they don't divide the nation, and to stay neutral with foreign nations. |
| What was the XYZ Affair? | The French began to seize American cargo ships heading towards Britain, when American ambassadors met with French officials they demanded a bribe, a load, and assistance with the fight against the British. |
| How did President Adams react to the XYZ Affair? | He refused. |
| What was the Alien Act? | An act signed that allowed the government to imprison any immigrant or expel any immigrant that was considered dangerous to the nation. |
| What was the Sedition Act? | An act signed that allowed the government to imprison any newspaper reporter who commented negative things about the Adams Administration, arguing the comments would weaken the country and incited rebellion. |
| What was the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? | Resolutions that declared the Alien and Sedition Act as unconstitutional. Also suggested states could nullify laws that violate the Constitution based on the idea of states' rights. |
| What is the Policy of Neutrality? | Policy created by Washington that instead of getting involved in conflict between Britain and France as well as the French Revolution, the United States would stay neutral and not take sides in foreign conflicts, nor make alliances. |
| How much was the Louisiana Purchase? | $15 Million. Bought by President Jefferson from the French. |
| Who was the Corps of Discovery led by? | Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. |
| What were the three goals of the Corps of Discovery? | -Map and record the territory -Make friendly contact with Native Americans -Find the Northwest Passage(which does not exist) |
| Why were the presences of York and Sacagawea important in the Corps of Discovery? | York and Sacagawea lessened tensions with natives. They were also the first people of color to vote and she was the first women to vote. |
| What is the Embargo Act and why was it signed? | An act signed by President Jefferson that stopped trading with foreign countries because of impressment of sailors by the British. This act destroyed the American economy. |
| Who were the War Hawks? | Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. |
| Why was the War of 1812 beneficial? | The war created a sense of patriotism and helped establish the United States as a super power in the world. |
| What is the Monroe Doctrine? | A document released by President Monroe that European powers(The Quadruple Alliance) should not trifle with the Western Hemisphere anymore and future colonization would be seen as a direct threat and would be responded with military force. |
| Who was the first President of the United States? | George Washington. |
| Who was the second President of the United States? | John Adams. |
| Who was the third President of the United States? | Thomas Jefferson. |
| Who was the fourth President of the United States? | James Madison |
| Who was the fifth President of the United States? | James Monroe. |
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