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History SG 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define xenophobia. | Unreasoned fear of things or people seen as foreign or strange. |
| Define nativism. | Prejudice agianst foreign-born people. |
| World War 1 caused a wave of anti-______ sentiment, which continued after the war had ended. In what ways was this shown? | German. -Some schools stopped teaching the German language, while some changed their German names to sound more English. |
| Anti-______, or the hatred of Jews, also increased during the 1920s. | Semitism. |
| Define isolationism. | A policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs. |
| American prosperity lead to... | -Loans to Europe, which helped pulled the countries out of a post-war slump. -U.S. factories exported manufactured goods. -More efficient farming techniques increased agricultural production. |
| Define communism. | An economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship. To equalize wealth and power, communism puts an end to private property, while the government takes over railroads, factories, and businesses. |
| What was the Red Scare? | In 1919, the Bolsheviks established a new state of communism. They made a red flag for it, which gave them the nickname, "Reds". To push their cause, they mailed and planted several bombs, causing many Americans to fear of becoming a communist state. |
| Define anarchists. | People who oppose any form of government. |
| In August 1919, Palmer appointed _. ______ _______. | J. Edgar Hoover |
| What did Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover do? | They searched for suspected communists, socialists, and anarchists. They jailed them without evidence, while ignoring their rights, entering private homes and offices without permission. Hundreds of foreign born radicals were deported without trial. |
| What did Nicola Sacco and Barolomeo Vanzetti do? | They were Italian immigrants and anarchists. In 1920, they were charged with the robbery and murder of a factory paymaster and his guard. Although they proved their innocence, they were found guilty and sentenced to death. |
| Before World War 1, producers had a a high need for unskilled workers. After WW1 though, the need decrease. What did many Americans think that meant? | Less foreign immigrants were needed, meaning less should be let into the country. |
| As a result of the Red Scare, the _______ became more popular. What did they do? | Ku Klux Klan. -Drove Roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born people out of the U.S. |
| What is a quota system? What was the goal? | A system that established the maximum number of people who could enter the United States from foreign countries. The goal was to cut sharply European immigration to the United States. |
| Following this time period in which the economy was doing very well, the Great Depression hit. What was the time period? | 1920s. |
| What were the effects of high tariffs? | Some businesses were protected, but international trade and European economies suffered. Both consumers and farmers went into debt. |
| Explain why Franklin D. Roosevelt was angered by many Supreme Court decisions in 1936? | Many of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal ideas were labeled as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Things such as his economic recovery laws and New York’s minimum wage law for women. |
| Describe the “labels/names” that Roosevelt used to refer to the Supreme Court while at odds with them, why did he characterize them in this way. | He stated that they had a “horse and buggy” mentality, meaning he thought that they were set in their ways and refused to change. He also listed them as the “nine old men” because they weren’t willing to change their views. |
| Outline the reforms that Roosevelt desired to implement regarding the Supreme Court make-up in 1937. How would these changes increase his power and authority? | He wanted to pass a law to let him to pick a new Supreme Court Justice whenever one of the current Justices had not retired/resigned within 6 months of turning 70. It would’ve helped him because their were 6 Justices at the time that he could appoint. |
| Evaluate how Roosevelt ultimately achieved his desired revisions regarding the Supreme Court anyway. | Because Justice Owen decided to switch sides on the New Deal cases, Roosevelt was able to get his ideas passed anyways. |
| What transportation lost business to trucks, buses, and private automobiles? | Trains |
| As easy credit had allowed these businesses to expand, they had... | Manufactured far more products than consumers could afford to buy. |
| Define deflation. | A decrease in the general price level of goods and service. |
| What business significantly struggled after WW1? Why was this? | Agriculture. Farmers had planted more and taken out loans for land and equipment. However, demand fell after the war, and crop prices declined by 40 percent or more. |
| Define price supports. | Government assistance in maintaining the levels of market prices regardless of supply or demand. During agricultural surplus, the government would buy that at guaranteed price and sell them on the world market. |
| Define credit. | An arrangement in which consumers agreed to buy and pay later for purchases. Most commonly, it came in installments with monthly interest charges. |
| In the late 1920s, why were consumers buying less? | Rising prices, stagnant wages, unbalanced distribution of wages, and overbuying of credit over the years. |
| Who was Alfred E. Smith? | The Democrat who ran against Republican candidate Herbert Hoover in 1928. He had served 4 terms as the governor of NY. |
| What was the Dow Jones Industrial Average? | It was the most widely used barometer of the stock market's health. The Dow is a measure based on the stock prices of 30 representative large firms trading on the New York Stock Exchange. |
| Define speculation. | To buy stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit, while ignoring the risks. |
| Define "buying on margin". | To pay a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. |
| What problem did people who bought on margin face? | If the value of stocks declined, people who had bought on margin had no way to pay off the loans. |
| What did the Federal Reserve do to promote economic growth? | They decided to make it harder for brokers to offer margin loans to investors. |
| What and when was Black Tuesday? | On October 29, the bottom fell out of the market. Shareholders tried to sell before prices dropped even lower. People who had bought stocks on credit were stuck with huge debts as the prices plummeted, while others lost their savings. |
| What was the Great Depression? | The period from 1929 through the 1930s in which the economy plummeted and unemployment skyrocketed. The crash alone did not cause the Great Depression, but it hastened the collapse of the economy and made the Depression more severe. |
| After the market crash, many people panicked and... However, much of this didn't work because... | -Withdrew their money from banks. -Some couldn’t get their money because the banks had no money, either. |
| What was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act? | It established the highest protective tariff in U.S. history. It was designed to protect American farmers and manufacturers from foreign competition. |
| What was the result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act? (2 answers out of three) | 1.)By reducing the flow of goods into the US, the tariff prevented other countries from earning American currency to buy American goods. 2.)The tariff made unemployment worse in industries that could no longer export goods to Europe. |
| What was the result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act? (Last answer) | Many countries retaliated by raising their own tariffs. |
| What are the most cited reasons for the Great Depression? | • tariffs and war debt policies that reduced the foreign market for American goods • a crisis in the farm sector • the availability of easy credit • an unequal distribution of income |
| What impacts did the Great Depression have on many people's lives? | Hardship, homelessness, and hunger. |
| What were shantytowns? | Little towns consisting of shacks. |
| What were soup kitchens? | Places that offered free or low-cost food. |
| Whites demanded that _______ be deported, or expelled from the country, even though many had been born in America. | Latinos. |
| Describe the Dust Bowl. | After farmers exhausted the grasslands, they became unsuitable for farming. The rains stopped and the winds began blowing. Wind scattered the topsoil, exposing sand and grit underneath. The dust traveled hundreds of miles. |
| Who were called hoboes? | People who wandered the country, hitching rides on railroad boxcars and sleeping under bridges. |
| What was direct relief? | Cash payments or food the government provides to the poor. |
| Who were the "Hoover tourists"? | Boys and girls who would travel America for free, hopping on freight trains for transportation. |
| Who was Herbert Hoover? | The president who tried to keep Americans optimistic during the Great Depression. He believed the economy would fix itself. |
| What was the Boulder Dam? (Now the Hoover Dam) | Being 726 feet high and 1,244 feet long, it would be the world’s tallest dam and the second largest. It provided electricity, flood control, & provided a regular water supply, which enabled the growth of California’s massive agricultural economy. |
| What was the Federal Farm Board? | An organization of farm cooperatives. It was intended to raise crop prices by helping members buy crops and keep them off the market until prices rose. |
| What was the Federal Home Loan Bank Act? | It lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans and avoid foreclosure. |
| What was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation? | Hoover’s most ambitious economic measure. It authorized money for emergency financing for banks, life insurance companies, railroads, and large businesses. Hoover believed that the money would trickle down, but many criticized it. |
| What was the Bonus Army? | In 1932 , many WW1 veterans and their families arrived in DC, from various parts of the country. The Patman Bill authorized the government to pay extra to WW1 veterans who hadn't been compensated enough for their service. Hoover later disbanded the group. |
| What was the Civilian Conservation Corps? | A program started by President Roosevelt to employ strong able men to work protecting the Utah forests. |
| Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt? | The President who ran against Hoover and won. He had a can-do attitude, working to stop the Great Depression. |
| What was the New Deal? | A set of policies designed to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression. New Deal policies focused on three general goals: relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform. |
| What were the "Hundred Days"? | From Mar. 9 to June 16, 1933, Congress passed more than 15 major pieces of New Deal. These laws, and others, expanded the federal govern.'s role in the nation’s economy and in citizens’ lives. Too, it changed the relationship between federal and state |
| What happened during the Roosevelt's Hundred Days? | Roosevelt’s first step as president was to reform banking and finance, he declared a bank holiday and closed all banks to prevent further withdrawals. Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which authorized to inspect the country’s banks. |
| What was the Glass-Steagall Act? | This act established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation-FDIC. It provided federal insurance for individual bank accounts, reassuring millions of customers that their money was safe. It also required banks to be cautious with the customers’ money. |
| What was the Federal Securities Act? | Passed in May 1933, required corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings and made them liable for any misrepresentations. |
| What was the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)? | Used to regulate the stock market. One goal of this commission was to prevent people with inside information about companies from “rigging” the stock market for their own profit. |
| What additional law had Roosevelt pushed for? | Roosevelt persuaded Congress to approve a bill allowing the manufacture and sale of some alcoholic beverages. The bill’s main purpose was to raise government revenues by taxing alcohol. By the end, the 21st Amendment had repealed prohibition altogether. |
| What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)? | After both the Dust Bowl and Great Depression, farmers were hit hard. The government sought to raise crop prices by lowering production, then payed farmers to leave a certain amount of land unseeded. The theory was that reduced supply would boost prices. |
| What was The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)? | The TVA renovated five existing dams and constructed 20 new ones, created thousands of jobs, and provided flood control, hydroelectric power, and other benefits to the region. The government also established the Cumberland Homesteads in eastern Tennessee. |
| What was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)? | It put young men aged 18 to 25 to work. They built roads, made parks, planted trees, & helped in soil-erosion/ flood projects. It paid a small wage, of which most was sent to their family. It also supplied free food, uniforms, & lodging in work. |
| What is deficit spending? How did it effect this time period? | -Spending more money than it receives in revenue. -It was stimulating economic recovery, despite putting the government deeply into debt. |
| Why did people oppose the deficit spending/New Deal? (1/2) | Liberal critics worried that the New Deal would not go far enough to help the poor and to reform the nation’s economic system. Conservative critics argued that Roosevelt’s direct relief plan would cost the government too much. |
| Why did people oppose the deficit spending/New Deal? (2/2) | Many critics believed the New Deal would interfere with the workings of a free-market economy. They believed it was a way for the government to gain control over businesses. |
| How did the Supreme Court react to NIRA? | They declared NIRA unconstitutional. They said that the law upset the established system of checks and balances by giving legislative powers to the executive branch. |
| How did the Supreme Court react to AAA? | The Supreme Court struck down the AAA on the grounds that agriculture is a local matter and should be regulated by the states rather than by the federal government. |
| What was Roosevelt's response to the Supreme Court? | He asked Congress for a court reform bill. If passed, the bill would reorganize and allow FDR to appoint 6 new Supreme Court justices. |
| What was wrong with Roosevelt's request? | It'd further shift the relationship of the branches by allowing the executive to use legislation to interfere with judicial independence. However, it later was passed. |
| Who were The American Liberty League? | They opposed New Deal measures that it believed violated respect for the rights of individuals and property. |
| What was the Second New Deal? | During this phase, the president called on Congress to provide more extensive relief for both farmers and workers. |
| Who did the 2nd New Deal try to help? | Farmers, the Second New Deal also attempted to , sharecroppers, migrant workers, students, women, African Americans, and Native Americans. |
| What was the National Youth Administration (NYA)? | It created specifically to provide education, jobs, counseling, and recreation for young people. The NYA provided student aid to high school, college, and graduate students. In exchange, students worked in part-time positions at their schools. |
| What was the Fair Labor Standards Act? | It set maximum hours at 44 hrs per week, decreasing to 40 hrs after 2 years. It also set minimum wages at 25 cents an hour, increasing to 40 cents an hour by '45. Plus, it set rules for the employment of kids under 16 and banned hazardous work for minors. |
| What did the Social Security Act establish? | -Old-age insurance for retirees 65 or older and their spouses. -Unemployment compensation system. -Aid to families with dependent children and people with disabilities. |
| Who was Frances Perkins? | America’s first female cabinet member. As secretary of labor, she played a major role in creating the Social Security system and supervised labor legislation. |
| Who was Mary McLeod Bethune? | An educator who dedicated herself to promoting opportunities for young African Americans. Roosevelt appointed many African Americans to positions in the government. Bethune was one such appointee. |
| What did Bethune work to do? | She worked to ensure that the NYA hired African American administrators, provided job training, other benefits to minority students. She also helped organize a “Black Cabinet” of African Americans to advise the Roosevelt administration on racial issues. |
| What was one of Roosevelt's positions on Civil Rights? | He was afraid of upsetting white Democratic voters in the South. He refused to approve an anti lynching law & end the poll tax, 2 goals of the civil rights movement. Some of his New Deal programs gave lower wages to African Americans and favored whites. |
| What happened to many Mexicans during the New Deal era? | Although CCC & WPA helped some Mexican Americans, they also discriminated against them by disqualifying from the workers who had no permanent address. Many decided to return to Mexico, but the US deported others. Those who stayed lived in poverty. |
| What did Native American's gain in 1924? | A law had granted Native Americans full citizenship. |
| Who was John Collier? | Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Collier helped create the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. After years of forcing Native Americans to assimilate, the government abandoned this approach and moved to grant Native Americans autonomy. |
| What did the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 change? | -It strengthened Native American land claims by prohibiting the government from taking over unclaimed reservation lands. -Children could now attend public school on the reservations. -Tribes were allowed to elect tribal councils for their reservations. |
| What was the New Deal coalition? | An alignment of diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Democratic Party. The coalition included southern whites, various urban groups, African Americans, and unionized industrial workers. |
| What were sit-down strikes? | Instead of walking off their jobs, workers remained inside their plants. But they did not work. This prevented the factory owners from carrying on production with strikebreakers, or scabs. |
| Why did many urban voters support Roosevelt and the Democratic Party? | Because of the New Deal coalition, which hired various groups of urban groups, the Democrats saw their party flourish. Roosevelt also provided jobs and services in exchange for their votes. |
| Sales of _______ and ________ increased during the Great Depression. | Radios; Motion Pictures (movies) |
| What purpose did movies and radio serve during the Great Depression? | Movies and radios helped provide an “escape” for those suffering through the Great Depression. They also helped show cultural differences and experiences. |
| What was one of the most famous movies during the Great Depression era? | Gone with the Wind. |
| What type of movie did the Great Depression-era audience like/relate to?? | Americans flocked to see gangster films that presented images of the dark, gritty streets. These movies featured hard-bitten characters struggling to succeed in a harsh environment where they faced difficulties that audiences could easily understand. |
| Who was Orson Welles? | An actor, director, producer, and writer, created one of the most renowned radio broadcasts of all time. Welles said that Martians had invaded Earth. Panic set in as many Americans thought the world was ending. Of course, the story wasn’t true. |
| How did the literature, art, and music of the 1930s differ from the radio and movie productions of the time? | Much of the art, music, and literature of the time was sober and serious. Despite grim artistic tones, much of the artistic work conveyed an uplifting message. It often emphasized the strength of character and the democratic values of the American people. |
| Explain how the New Deal programs supported artists and writers in the 1930s. | Since so many artists at the time portrayed social and political ideals in their artwork, the government often supported these pieces, stating that they were important to the role in national life. |
| What was The Federal Art Project (FAP)? | A branch of the WPA which paid artists a living wage to produce public art. It also aimed to increase public appreciation of art and to promote positive images of American society. |
| Who was Richard Wright? | An African American author, who completed his acclaimed novel Native Son (1940), about a young man trying to survive in a racist world. |
| Who was Zora Neale Hurston? | She wrote a stirring novel with FWP assistance—Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), about a young woman growing up in rural Florida. |
| What was The Grapes of Wrath? | Written by John Steinbeck, the novel reveals the lives of Oklahomans who left the Dust Bowl and ended up in California, where their hardships continued. |
| What was the Civilian Conservation Corps? | A program started by President Roosevelt to employ strong able men to work protecting the Utah forests. |
| Why did liberals disagree with deficit spending? | Liberal critics worried it wouldn't go far enough to help the poor and to reform the nation’s economic system. |
| Why did conservatives disagree with deficit spending? | Conservative critics argued that Roosevelt’s direct relief plan would cost the government too much. They also believed that he would use New Deal policies to control business and socialize the economy. |
| What happened between the Supreme Court and the New Deal? (1/2) | In 1935 the Court ruled the NIRA unconstitutional. It declared that the law upset the established system of checks and balances by giving legislative powers to the executive branch. |
| What happened between the Supreme Court and the New Deal? (2/2) | Then, they struck down the AAA because agriculture is a local matter and should be regulated by the states. |
| How did Franklin Roosevelt react to the Supreme Court's decision? | In February 1937 he asked Congress to enact a court reform bill. If passed, the bill would reorganize the federal judiciary and allow FDR to appoint six new Supreme Court justices. |
| What was wrong with FDR's idea to help his New Deal get passed? | They viewed it as a dangerous attempt to upset the constitutional balance of power. The court reform bill would further shift the relationship between the branches by allowing the executive to use legislation to interfere with judicial independence. |
| What was the American Liberty League? | The American Liberty League opposed New Deal measures that it believed violated respect for the rights of individuals and property. |
| Who was Huey Long? | Perhaps the most serious challenge to the New Deal came from Senator Long. Long was an early supporter of the New Deal. But he, too, turned against Roosevelt. Eager to win the presidency, he proposed a nationwide social program called Share-Our-Wealth. |
| Who was Eleanor Roosevelt? | A social reformer who combined her deep humanitarian impulses with great political skills, prodded her husband in this direction. |
| What did Eleanor Roosevelt do? | Throughout FDR’s first Hundred Days, Eleanor Roosevelt had used her influence in the Democratic Party to appoint women to government positions. In addition, she made sure that the New Deal included relief programs for women, as well. |
| What was the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act? | This act paid farmers for cutting production of soil depleting crops. It also rewarded farmers for practicing good soil conservation methods. |
| What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)? | The WPA set out to create as many jobs as possible as quickly as possible. Between 1935 and 1943 it spent $11 billion to give jobs to more than 8 million workers, most of them unskilled. |
| What was the National Youth Administration (NYA)? | It created specifically to provide education, jobs, counseling, and recreation for young people. The NYA provided student aid to high school, college, and graduate students. In exchange, students worked in part-time positions at their schools. |
| Who was Warren Harding? | The Ohio Republican presidential candidate, promised “normalcy” if he were elected. Harding won a landslide victory. His tenure began with sincere peacekeeping efforts. |
| After WW1, what problems surfaced? | -Arms control -War debts -The reconstruction of war-torn countries. |
| Charles Evans Hughes | The Secretary of State who urged that no more warships be built for ten years. He suggested that the five major naval powers—the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy—scrap many of their battleships, cruisers, and aircraft carriers. |
| What was the Fordney-McCumber Tariff? | It raised taxes on some US imports to 60%—the highest level ever. The tax protected US businesses, especially in the chemical & metals industries—from foreign competition, but made it impossible for Britain & France to sell goods to the US to repay debts. |
| What was the Dawes Plan? | American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France with annual payments on a fixed scale. Those countries then paid the United States. Thus, the United States actually arranged to be repaid with its own money. |
| What was Harding's slogan? | “Less government in business and more business in government.” |
| What did Harding do to help achieve his pro-business goal? | He sought to cut the federal budget & to reduce taxes on the wealthy. Harding and his advisers believed that it was the wealthy who started and expanded businesses. By taxing them less, the thinking went, business would pull the nation out of hard times. |
| What was the Teapot Dome Scandal. | The government had set aside oil-rich public lands at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, for use by the U.S. Navy. |
| Who was Albert B. Fall? | A close friend of various oil executives, managed to get the oil reserves transferred from the navy to the Interior Department. Then, Fall secretly leased the land to two private oil companies. He was later found guilty of bribery. |
| Who was Calvin Coolidge? | He favored government policies that would keep taxes down and business profits up, and give businesses more available credit in order to expand. Their goal was to minimize government involvement in business and to allow private enterprise to flourish. |
| What happened during Coolidge's presidency? | Coolidge’s administration continued to place high tariffs on foreign imports, which helped American manufacturers. Reducing income taxes meant that people had more money in their pockets. Wages were rising, and so was productivity. |
| The ____ industry was one of the biggest business successes of the 1920s. What was the most successful _____ at this time? Describe what created its success. | -Auto -To create his Model Ts, Ford used several methods to make production as efficient and cost-effective as possible. He used assembly-line manufacturing, increased pay for workers, & avoided changes to the car’s design. |
| How did the automobile change America? | It the American landscape. Its most visible effect was construction of paved roads suitable for driving in all types of weather. It also started rapid construction of gas stations, repair shops, public garages, motels, tourist camps, & shopping centers. |
| How did the automobile change the family? | It liberated isolated rural families, who now travelled to the city for shopping & entertainment. It also gave families the chance to vacation in faraway places. It allowed both women and young people to become more independent through increased mobility. |
| What other transportation took off during this time? How did it help? | The airplane industry began as a mail-carrying service for the U.S. Post Office. Although the first flight in 1918 was a disaster, a number of successful flights soon established the airplane as a peacetime means of transportation. |
| Define consumerism. | The acquisition of goods in ever greater amounts. |
| What 2 sources of energy grew in the 1920s? | Gasoline powered much of the economic boom of the 1920s, but the use of electricity also transformed the nation. American factories used electricity to run their machines. |
| How did electricity help around the house? | It made it possible for people to use the latest home conveniences. More and more homes had electric irons, while well-to-do families used electric refrigerators, cooking ranges, vacuum cleaners, and toasters. |
| How did the new appliances help around the house? | The new appliances and food preparation options made the lives of housewives easier, freed them for other community and leisure activities, and coincided with a growing trend of women working outside the home. |
| Define installment plan. | It enabled people to buy goods over an extended period, without having to put down much money at the time of purchase. |
| What was wrong with the installment plan? | Some economists and business owners worried that installment buying might be getting out of hand. They feared that the practice was really a sign of fundamental weaknesses behind a superficial economic prosperity. |
| What was the Espionage and Sedition Acts? | a person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort. |
| What was the Great Migration? | The large-scale movement of hundreds of thousands of southern blacks to the North. It had already begun before the war. At that time, African Americans trickled northward to escape the Jim Crow South. After that century, the trickle became a wave. |
| Why had many African Americans try to leave the South? | Many wanted to escape racial discrimination. It made it hard for them to make a living & often threatened them. Also, an infestation, aided by floods and droughts, had ruined much of the cotton fields. In the North, there were more job opportunities. |
| What changed for many migrants from the South to the North? | The children were able to go to school, and their parents gained the freedom to vote. |
| What did the new waves of migrants cause? | It caused overcrowding and intensified racial tensions. Some cities passed zoning laws that segregated city streets by race. Sometimes the racial prejudice in northern cities took violent forms. |
| What had changed for women in the early 1920s? | Women moved into jobs that had been held exclusively by men. They became railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, and bricklayers. |
| What was a flapper? | This was a liberated woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the day. Many women became more assertive. |
| What was the Harlem Renaissance? | A literary movement led by well-educated, middle-class African Americans who expressed a new pride in the African American experience. They celebrated their heritage and wrote with defiance and poignancy about the trials of being black in a white world. |
| What was the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? | It urged African Americans to protest racial violence. W.E.B. DuBois, a founding member of the NAACP, led a parade of 10,000 African American men in New York City to protest such violence. |
| Who was James Welden Johnson? What did he do? | A poet, lawyer, and NAACP executive secretary. He helped the organization fight for legislation to protect African American rights. He made anti-lynching laws one of the NAACP's main priorities. |
| Who was Marcus Garvey? | An immigrant from Jamaica who believed that African Americans should build a separate society. His different, more radical message of black pride aroused the hopes of many. |
| Who was Claude McKay | A novelist, poet, and Jamaican immigrant, was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance. His poems urged African Americans to resist prejudice &discrimination. He also expressed the pain of life in the ghettos and the strain of being black. |
| Who was Langston Hughes? | Many of Hughes’s 1920s poems described the difficult lives of working class African Americans. Hughes gained an international reputation for his work. His poems influenced generations of African American writers. |
| Who was Paul Robeson? | The son of a one-time slave, became a major dramatic actor. His performance in Shakespeare’s Othello, first in London and later in New York City, was widely acclaimed. Subsequently, Robeson struggled with the racism he experienced in the United States. |
| Who was Louis Armstrong? | A young trumpet player. His talent rocketed him to stardom in the jazz world. Famous for his astounding sense of rhythm and his ability to improvise, Armstrong made personal expression a key part of jazz. |
| What is court-packing? | The practice of changing the number or composition of judges on a court, making it more favorable to particular goals or ideologies, and typically involving an increase in the number of seats on the court. |
| What was boot smuggling? | Named for a smuggler's practice of carrying liquor in the legs of boots. They would smuggle alcohol from Canada, Cuba, and the West Indies. |
| What was prohibition? | An era in which the manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were legally prohibited. |
| What were the 3 R's? | Relief, recovery, and reforms. |
| What was "Relief" in the 3 R's? | Relief was meant at to provide temporary help to the massive number of Americans who were unemployed during the Great Depression. |
| What was "Recovery" in the 3 R's? | Recovery looked aide the economy in bouncing back from depression. |
| What was "Reforms" in the 3 R's? | Reforms looked to eliminate the causes of the depression and prevent a crisis like the the Great Depression from happening again. |
| What were fireside chats? | FDR's radio talks about issues of public concern, explaining in clear, simple language his New Deal measures. These informal talks made Americans feel as if the president were talking directly to them. |
| What was the American Gothic? | Painted by Grant Wood, it's a famous portrayal of life in the mid-west during the Great Depression. In a style known as regionalism, he showed familiar subjects in realistic ways. He used his sister & dentist as models for the farmer & daughter. |
| What happened with the banking failures? | After the crash, many panicked & withdrew their money. But some couldn’t get their money because the banks had no money. they had put their money in the stock market. Because their government did not their savings millions of people lost their money. |
| What was Restricted International Trade? | American tariffs protected American markets, but they made it hard for producers to sell abroad since other countries retaliated by setting up high tariffs of their own. |
| What was monetary policy? | The Fed chose to make it harder for brokers to offer margin loans. Their strategy was kinda successful, at first. Borrowing from banks decreased, but large corporations began providing them with the cash to make margin loans. The run-up of the stock marke |
| Who was Charles Lindbergh | The first person to fly non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean. |
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