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history unit 5
industrialization and urbanization
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| colonial immigration | 1st people to declaration of independence |
| where were immigrants of colonial immigration from | england and africa as slaves |
| reasons for colonial immigration | -political and religious freedom -improve economic standing/ way of life |
| areas of settlement (colonial immigration) | atlantic coast- appalachian mountains |
| difficulties faced (colonial immigration) | -conflict with natives new way of life in unfamiliar region |
| contributions (colonial immigration) | - established culture - built economy -customs -government |
| old immigration | 1775-1850 |
| where were immigrants of old immigration from | north/ west europe |
| reasons for immigration (old immigration) | - famine (ireland) -revolution (germany) - economic opportunity |
| areas of settlement (old immigration) | irish settled in new england germans settled in the west/ warms |
| difficulties faced (old immigration) | -hostility (economic competition) - religion |
| contributions (old immigration) | - railroad/ canal building - factory work - education (german ideas of kindergarten) - farming techniques |
| new immigration | 1851- 1924 |
| where were immigrants of new immigration from | china, europe |
| reasons for immigration (new immigration) | - economic opportunity -hope -political/ religious freedom |
| areas of settlement (new immigration) | - cities/ ports - ghettos: urban - asians- west |
| difficulties faced (new immigration) | - adjusting to culture: language/ school - losing heritage - discrimination w jobs and housing - competition |
| contributions (new immigration) | - sweatshop workers - working class - coal/ steel - transcontinental railroad (did the dangerous low paying jobs) - american economic expansion |
| reaction against immigration | - prejudice and discrimination - new wave of nativism - low wages= job security (less jobs for natives who weren't willing to do dirty work for little pay) |
| nativism | the belief that native born americans are superior to immigrants and their way of life |
| melting pot theory | various cultures met to form new american culture - new culture is more important |
| assimilation | - immigrants disappeared into already established american culture, gave ip language and customs to be americanized and accepted |
| pluralism ("salad bowl") | belief that groups do not lose distinctive characteristics - cultures/ groups live side by side; contribute to society in different ways |
| literacy tests | law barring any immigrant who couldnt read or write from voting, enacted in 1917 biggest impact in the south |
| emergency quota act of 1921 | law sharply limited the number of immigrants to the U.S. each year to about 350,000 |
| national origins act of 1924 | further reduced immigration and biased it in favor of those from northern and western europe (a nativist law) |
| proprietorship | business with one owner; all risk, all reward |
| partnerships | a small business with two or more owners |
| corporations | raise money by selling stock |
| gilded age | greed and corruption under the illusion of the polite and prosperous |
| transportation: transcontinental railroad | made traveling across the country easier, completed in 1869 made possible by the steam engine and steel |
| transportation: automobile | 1914: ford automobiles were sold for $490 after the use of the assembly line- output increased, price decreased. assembly line perfected by Ford, invented by |
| transportation: urban transport | cable cars, subways, elevated tracks: mass transportation and free movement |
| building materials | Bessemer process allowed the transition of wood to steel for buildings |
| Bessemer process | made steel lighter and stronger came from the UK made buildings taller (w the help of elevators) |
| energy sources | oil reserves us produced 65% of the worlds petroleum, controlled by Rockefeller (standard oil) electricity: edison developed the light bulb (stolen from tesla) |
| communication | telegraph: Samuel Morse telephone: Alexander Graham Bell |
| robber barons | **trying to eliminate competition to increase profit** built corporate dynasties, threatened the free enterprise system in the us |
| John D Rockefeller | fortune made in oil, formed Standard Oil company in 1870 |
| Andrew Carnegie (1835- 1919) | Pennsylvania Railroad company made his fortune investing in oil, iron making, bridge building Carnegie steel company became America's largest steel company |
| Henry Ford | - perfected the use of the assembly line -antisemetic, pro hitler - introduces mass production of automobiles, price decreases |
| puritan or protestant work ethic | the idea that the value of hard work comes from simply working hard |
| Social Darwinism | - survival of the fittest applied to business -individuals should be free to manage their property as they please |
| Horatio Alger | through his books, advanced the American dream of success through hard work and the idea that virtue is always rewarded |
Created by:
ipijan67
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