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Mesopotamia
Term | Definition |
---|---|
the wheel | Sumerian innovation, made it easier to move items so more trade |
plow | Sumerian innovation, helped plant seeds for farming so more crops grew |
irrigation | Sumerian innovation, waterways and canals that helped control water to grow crops during drought or flood |
division of labor | sharing of a large job so each worker does only part of it; made work easier and people specialized |
pictographs | pictures and symbols carved into wet clay to represent syllables and words |
measuring system | Sumerian innovation, allowed them to make accurate sized structures and keep track of items |
calendar | Sumerian innovation, used to know when flood season was coming and when to plant seeds |
Tigris and Euphrates | rivers that Sumerians depended on for freshwater |
monarchy | type of government of Sumerians; governing system ruled by king or queen |
Duties of King (En) | lead military, arrange trade, settle arguments, direct public events, handle religious ceremonies |
Upper Class | ruling class: king, high government officials, priests, warriors |
Middle Class | lower government officials, craft workers, farming supervisors, merchants, doctors, carpenters, potters, brick layers |
Lower Class | slaves and farmers |
Hammurabi's Code | Written laws "Strong shall not oppress the weak" "an eye for an eye" |
innovation | new way of doing things (invention or advancement) |
surplus | amount of a product that is left over or extra |
absolute authority | complete control |
standing army | paid, trained army |
bureaucracy | governing group made of non-elected officials |
code | set of rules |
merchant | person who buys and sells or trades goods |
taxation | money people would pay to the government to ensure government kept working to take care of society |
empire | city state and the area that surrounds it |
conflict | disagreement or argument |
compromise | resolution to a conflict in which both groups agree |
cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians; wedge shaped writing; helped keep records and taxes |
scribe | person who trained to write |