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USG Chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the basic freedoms to think and to act that all people have and that are protected against government abuse | civil liberties |
| the rights that involve equal status and treatment and the right to participate in government | civil rights |
| following established and complete legal procedures | due process |
| the concept that certain protections of civil rights are essential to the due process of the law | selective incorporation |
| the part of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution that declares that government cannot take actions that create an official religion or support one religion over another | establishment clause |
| the part of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution that guarantees each person the right to hold any religious beliefs they choose | free exercise clause |
| a spoken defamatory statement | slander |
| a defamatory statement that appears in print | libel |
| the crime of making war against the United States or giving “aid and comfort” to its enemies | treason |
| a legal term for speech or actions that inspire revolt against the government | sedition |
| government action that seeks to prevent materials from being published | prior restraint |
| the communication of ideas through symbols and actions | symbolic speech |
| the right to join with others, share ideas, and work toward a common purpose | freedom of association |
| the reason for a search or an arrest, based on the knowledge of a crime and the available evidence | probable cause |
| a document that gives police legal authority to search private property | search warrant |
| the rule that evidence obtained illegally may not be used against a person in a trial | exclusionary rule |
| a government’s ability to regulate behavior for the common good | police power |
| the requirement that government follow certain procedures before punishing a person | procedural due process |
| the idea that laws themselves must be fair and just since all people have inalienable rights that cannot be taken away from them | substantive due process |
| the category of law that covers private disputes between people over property or relationships | civil law |
| the category of law that deals with crimes and their punishments | criminal law |
| a formal complaint of criminal wrongdoing | indictment |
| money pledged by a person accused of a crime that he or she will return to court for trial | bail |
| the death penalty | capital punishment |
| a list of certain constitutional rights possessed by those accused of crimes; includes the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present during questioning | Miranda warnings |
| What are civil liberties? | basic freedoms to think and to act that are protected and that all people have |
| Many delegates to the Constitutional Convention believed that a bill of rights was unnecessary because they thought that | state constitutions and a separation of powers were enough to protect Americans’ rights. |
| Supporters of the Constitution agreed to add a bill of rights in order to | win ratification of the Constitution. |
| Freedom of speech can be limited whenever | it is likely to lead to immediate lawless action. |
| When can courts issue rulings? | only when cases are brought before them |
| . Which amendment enabled the Supreme Court to rule that much of the Bill of Rights applies to state and local governments? | Fourteenth Amendment |
| Which part of the Bill of Rights guarantees each person the right to hold any religious belief they choose? | free exercise clause |
| What does the establishment clause of the First Amendment forbid? | government establishment or support of an official religion |
| What is the Lemon Test? | set of criteria used by the Supreme Court in establishment clause cases |
| What is defamation? | false statements about a person that cause harm to that person |
| What is the difference between slander and libel? | Slander is a spoken defamatory statement, while libel is defamation in print. |
| What did the Supreme Court rule in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan? | Public officials have fewer legal protections against libel than do private citizens. |
| What is treason? | crime of making war against the United States or giving “aid and comfort” to its enemies |
| Under the Alien Enemies Act, what does the president have the authority to do? | deport resident aliens if their home countries are at war with the United States |
| What is a prior restraint? | government action that seeks to prevent materials from being published |
| What is symbolic speech? | communication of ideas through symbols and actions |
| In Texas v. Johnson, the Supreme Court ruled that burning the American flag is | a constitutionally protected act of free speech. |
| A search warrant gives the police | `legal authority to search private property |
| What is the exclusionary rule? | Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used against a person in court. |
| Among other things, the USA PATRIOT act gave officials | more freedom to search telephone and e-mail communications. |
| Roe v. Wade involved the right to | privacy |
| What is the source of due process protection from the actions of state officials? | Fourteenth Amendment |
| When parties to a lawsuit meet with a trained negotiator who works with both sides to reach a compromise, this process is known as | mediation. |
| What are the two types of crimes? | misdemeanors and felonies |
| The government can only force someone to testify against himself or herself when the person | is granted immunity from prosecution |
| If a grand jury believes that enough evidence exists to charge a person with a crime, what does it issue? | indictment |
| When is bail considered excessive? | when it is greater than the amount judged necessary to ensure a suspect’s appearance at trial |
| Being made to stand trial twice for the same offense is known as double | jeopardy |
| What is another term for the death penalty? | capital punishment |
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