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History 1306
Test 1: Chapters 17-20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The legal devices developed during the nineteenth century to unite small, competing firms in order to control markets and raise prices were | TRUSTS |
| United States Steel Corporation was founded by | J.P. MORGAN |
| A major catalyst to America's industrial growth during the late nineteenth century was the | EXTRACTION OF THE NATION'S MINERAL RESOURCES |
| The lives of individuals in late nineteenth-century America were most affected by | TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES |
| Drake's folly is related to the | PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM |
| Alexander Graham Bell invented the | TELEPHONE |
| The most important phenomenon that can account for the stimulation of industrial development in late-nineteenth-century America was | THE RISE OF A MASS MARKET |
| The prosperity of a family often depended on | THE NUMBER OF PERSONS WORKING |
| Terence V. Powderly led the | KNIGHTS OF LABOR |
| The first union to attempt to organize all workers was the | NATIONAL LABOR UNION |
| The "Atlanta Compromise" speech was given by | BOOKER T. WASHINGTON |
| The ideology of Social Darwinism held | SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST |
| The ideology of the gospel of wealth | GOD SANCTIONED AND BLESSED WEALTH; WEALTH WAS NECESSARY AND RIGHT. |
| The most effective apologists for the wealthy were the | RELIGIOUS LEADERS |
| The concept of laissez-faire | REFERS TO SURRENDERING CONTROL OVER PUBLIC POLICY TO PRIVATE INTERESTS. |
| Growth of the manufacturing between 1860-1900 was due to: | INVENTIONS, RAILROADS, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, NATURAL RESOURCES, CONSUMERISM/ADVERTISING, ABUNDANT CAPITAL $$$, MOBILE LABOR SUPPLY, AND ATTITUDES. |
| Rockefeller/Morgan intended through consolidation to bring: | ORDER TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY. |
| Pioneered modern management styles: | RAILROADS |
| SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT FOUNDER | FREDERICK W. TAYLOR |
| CAUSE OF FARMERS ECONOMIC WOES IN SOUTH/WEST: | OVERPRODUCTION |
| RAILROADS | AMERICA'S FIRST BIG BUSINESS |
| TIME ZONES | WERE CREATED BY THE RAILROAD INDUSTRY |
| TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD | BUILT IN 7 YEARS BY IRISH-IMMIGRANTS |
| CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD | BUILT BY CHINESE |
| GUY WHO WANTS TO TAKE NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROADS (WANTS TO BECOME OWNER AND BUYS STOCKS)---LATER VALUE DECREASES. | CORNELIUS VANDERBILT |
| PRINTS OUT EXCESSIVE CERTIFICATES IN ORDER TO LOWER THE AMOUNT WORTH FOR THE RAILROAD. | JAMES GHOULD (BAD GUY) |
| JAMES HILL: | CREATED THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD |
| GUY WHO TAKES CARE OF HIS WORKERS AND WANTS THEM TO HAVE A GOOD DEAL; BRINGS CATTLE THAT CAN DO WELL IN COLD CLIMATES; WANTS TO BE A GOOD CITIZEN? | JAMES HILL |
| STANDARD MEASUREMENT OF TRAIN TRACKS? | 4 FEET, 8 1/2 INCHES |
| WHO WANTED REBATES? | ROCKEFELLER |
| CONSEQUENCES OF RAILROAD WRONGDOINGS? | GRANGER LAW |
| INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT OF 1887 | PROHIBITED REBATES; CALLED FOR PUBLISHED RATES; NO DISCRIMINATION. |
| INTERSTATE | CROSSES STATE LINES |
| INTRASTATE | DOES NOT CROSS STATE LINES |
| J.P. MORGAN BUYS COMPANY FROM? | ANDREW CARNEGIE |
| CARNEGIE STEEL | EXAMPLE OF VERTICAL INTEGRATION--MEANING: NO OUTSIDE RESOURCES, ALL CARNEGIE!! |
| HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION? | MEANING: USES OUTSIDE RESOURCES!! |
| ROCKEFELLER | PUT A LOT OF PEOPLE OUT OF BUSINESS. |
| CONSOLIDATION LEADS TO: | SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT = FORBADE COMBINATION OF RESTRAINT OF TRADE (HAS TO BE COMPETITION). |
| ANIMAL THAT ALMOST BECAME EXTINCT? | BUFFALO |
| DAWES SEVERALTY ACT OF 1887 | GAVE LAND |
| NORTH CAROLINA: | GOLD PRODUCING AREA |
| CALIFORNIA: | THEN--SECOND PLACE WHERE GOLD WAS DISCOVERED! |
| During The Cattle Frontier (1866-1886, buffalo were..? | Diminishing. Eliminating competition for longhorns. |
| During The Cattle Frontier (1866-1886, diets were..? | Changing. |
| The First Cattle Drive: | Caused disaster and did not go well. Why? -- Too many trees, forestry, and longhorns went crazy. |
| Joseph G. McCoy (The Real McCoy) | Made a pledge to Texas ranchers that if they would drive their Longhorn cattle from Texas to Kansas that he would have them shipped by rail to other markets and that the ranchers would receive a good price for their stock. -Set up "Abilene, Kansas" |
| As a result to McCoy plan: | About 6,000,000 cattle went north to Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming (and others). -Then began moving westward. |
| Cowboys: | NEED to be tough!! -- did several "tests" (initiation) similar to a fraternity. -Simply an imitation of the Mexican Vaqueros. |
| Cowboy attire: | everything is there for a purpose, not for decoration. |
| How many horses do cowboys take with them? | About 8-10 horses when they're on the road (moving cattle). -during the first 2 weeks, they push their cattle up to 20 hours. |
| Country Western Music: | began around the time of cowboys .. singing would keep the cattle under control. |
| Cowboys life: | pretty rough: sleeping on the ground, no real food, etc. -Superior to others. |
| The Homestead Act: | Laws that gave an applicant up to 160 acres of undeveloped land outside the original 13 colonies. |
| Invention of barbed wire: | Land started to get fence in; after 5 years, if it's still there then it's yours. |
| Moving/Driving Cattle: | Lasted only about 25 years due to the invention of the railroad. -ended because of the vast changes in ranching. |
| Hoof & Mouth Disease: | If affected, then the entire herd had to be destroyed. |
| Alexander Hamilton proposed: | the land be sold @ $2.00 an acre, but you had to buy a section of land. |
| 1789-1862, the price of land..? | went down and the amount of land you had to purchase also decreased. |
| The Timber Culture Act of 1873: | The act allowed homesteaders to get another 160 acres of land if they planted trees on one-fourth of the land. |
| The Desert Land Act of 1877: | The act offered 640 acres of land to an adult married couple who would pay $1.25 an acre and promise to irrigate the land within 3 years. |
| Federal Land Policy: The Homestead Act? | 1862 |
| Federal Land Policy: The Timber Culture Act? | 1873 |
| Federal Land Policy: The Desert Land Act? | 1877 |
| Federal Land Policy: Timber and Stone Act? | 1878 |
| Merrill Act: | 1862; established land grant universities, and allowed men/women to attend college together. No tuition (only fees). |
| In 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner: | delivered a papr that pointed out in a census: 2 people per sq. mile. |
| The Frontier was: | More democratic. |
| State to give women the right to vote? | Wyoming in 1890. |
| ALL women were allowed to vote in? | 1920. |
| What was important in the west? | HOW well you're taking care of your family, NOT who your ancestors are. |
| What was the New South? | Post-Civil War |
| Tenant Farmers | rented land for the year and kept all the profits from the crops. |
| Sharecroppers | landowners divided land for a share of the crop, usually 1/2 the cotton or tobacco crop. Owners supplied a mule, harness, feed, fertilizer, seed, and a house. |
| Crop Lien System | Sharecroppers needed supplies they borrowed against the next crop. |
| Debt Peonage | When they could NOT pay back the loan, they went into debt year after year. |
| Poorest region in the country? | The South |
| Henry W. Grady | -editor of the Atlanta Constitution. -diversified farming (do other things as well), industrialization (have some industry), racial accommodation (anti-black laws). |
| Civil Rights Act | 1964 |
| Voting Rights Act | 1965 |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | Said in 1937 that 1/3 of the nation was ill-based, ill-clad, and ill-nourished. |
| When did textile mills come to the South? | 1880s. |
| Until what year was the textile industry strictly for whites? | Until 1970 |
| Book T. Washington | wanted African Americans to make themselves economically indispensable to whites. (Tuskegee Institute). |
| Columbian Exposition | Pointing out their industrialization. |
| Old Immigrants - period? | 1820s to Civil War; Northern and Western Europe |
| New Immigrants - period? | Post Civil War - 1920; Southern and Eastern Europe. |
| Old Immigrants | 1820-1860 (5 million came; including Chinese and Japanese). -More Germans than anything! |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | 1882; Chinese CANNOT enter the country for 10 years (kept renovating every 10 years). First time we've ever excluded people from the country. |
| Old Immigrants: Germans | Germany not unified as a country (yet). People wanted to leave the U.S. (very bright people). Many came here in order to NOT get drafted into the war. Settled in St. Louis, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, NY, Chicago. Great toy makers! |
| "Teddy" Roosevelt: | resulted when Roosevelt saved a cub (took it to the zoo) ... Germans created teddy bears. |
| Who was #1 for dealing with optics (cameras)? | Germans; however after WW1, Chinese/Japanese became their competitors. |
| Old Immigrants: Irish | were treated awful! -Main Crop: 1840s, potatoes went bad and they were starving (blide--potatoes). -really rowdy! |
| Jack Johnson: | From Galveston, TX -- first black man to win the Heavyweight Boxing title. |
| Old Immigrants: Irish (impacts) | -most were Catholic (most of U.S. was protestant). Irish was very hated/discriminated here in the U.S. -heavy drinkers: loved to argue/fight. |
| Prohibition Act | -13 years of NO alcohol! |
| Old Immigrants: Scandinavians | -many became successful loggers and farmers (came to Minnesota). -very interested in education (very smart). -most were Lutherans. |
| Old Immigrants: Chinese | -immigrated, but then cut of due to the exclusion act. -develop their own community. |
| Post-Civil War: Immigration | Eastern Europe, Russia, Greece and Turkey. (largest Italian populated city: Toronto, Canada). |
| Old Immigrants: Italians | -Northern: pretty good shape. -South: poor area (Sicily, etc.) -most came from southern Italy. -brought a lot of poverty to the U.S. -family means a lot to them! -wine business! -construction, bakeries, fruit markets (jobs). -love opera! -diets ch |
| Old Immigrants: Greece | -many came to the U.S., made $ (money), then they went back home. |
| Old Immigrants: Jews | -by 1920, 3 1/2 million Jews in America. -hated by the Romans. -Jobs: bankers, professors, jewelers, etc. |
| Italians | Large groups coming in (horrible earthquake in Messina). |
| Jews | 2,000,000--because they're continually being blamed by the czar (telling them to move). |
| Italians (immigrating) | 4,500,000 |
| Poles (immigrating) | 2,600,000 |
| Latin America (immigrating) | 900,000 |
| Canada (immigrating) | 2,200,000 |
| Polish Characteristics: | Tall, bulky, strong (mine working in Pennsylvania). -went to places like: Chicago -meat packing industry. -aboard ship in 1902 |
| Wealthy | First, second class |
| Non-wealthy | third "steery" class (pretty cheap) NOT a good way to travel. |
| Second Class landing? | New York |
| Third Class landing? | Medically checked. Checked if they have sponsor. Landed @ Ellis Island. |
| Nativists arguments against Immigrants: | poor, uneducated, unskilled, different, not Protestant, kept low wages, brought disease, corruption, prostitution, no democracy, socialists, communists, anarchists, became scapegoats. |
| Tamney Kay | Registered people, informed them about elections, voted (people). |
| Results of Nativists Sentiments: | Chinese Exclusion Act (1882); formation of the IRL, literacy tests, vetoed by presidents, wilson's veto, EQA, NOA. |
| What is the Chinese Exclusion Act: | Prohibited Chinese from entering country for 10 years ... act continued renovating every 10 years. |
| What was the IRL? | Immigration Restriction League. |
| What was the EQA? | Emergency Quota Act 1921; 2 percent of a given population in the U.S. in 1910 could immigrate to the U.S. |
| What was the NOA? | National Origins Act 1924; 2 percent of a given nationality in the U.S. in 1890 could immigrate to the U.S. |
| D.A.R. | Daughters of American Republic- did not allow black opera singer to perform, therefore Lincoln Memorial was created (thanks to roosevelt's wife). |
| S.A.R. | Sons of Liberty- do not want immigrants; Roosevelt addressed them as "fellow immigrants" |
| Knights of Labor | Need to have a large population of laborers, concentration of population in cities, enough factories/jobs, reasons to organize, no support from court system, cannot count on politicians. |
| Roosevelt in 1935 | "if you support me, then I'll support you" |
| National Labor Relation Board | (1937-1938) - want to create a union .. they hold a hearing .. then vote. |
| To create a labor union: | you have to have 3 reasons before you can have a labor union, and you must have reasons why people would even want to join. |
| What was the NLU: | National Labor Union (1866) died during depression of 1873. |
| Knights of Labor: | 1869; worked for solidarity with no distraction between skilled and unskilled (Founded by Uriah Stephens). |
| American Federation of Labor | 1886; worked to improve the status of skilled labor only. (about 6,000 members). -wanted Chinese excluded. |
| Knight os Labor? | want to organize, educate, agitate ... but they do NOT strike. |
| Hay-market Strike/Riot (1886) | -Chicago; someone (an anarchist) threw a bomb, and blamed the K.O.L. ... this was the end to the K.O.L. |
| Who came up with the A.F. of L.? | Samuel Gompers (cigar rolling) |
| What does A.F. of L. stand for? | American Federation of Labor |
| From 1936-1937 | There was a close relation between American Labor and the Democratic Party. |
| The A.F. of L. was very... | successful, because of the consistent presidents, and because it was only for skilled workers. |
| What was the C.I.D.? | Congress of Industrial Organizations; brought in unskilled labor (miners, factory workers, etc.) |
| Urbanization | Did not develop until we had industrialization. Population increased 700 percent between 1865-1905. 1/6 Americans lived on cities of 8,000 or more. |
| In 1890, how many people lived in cities? | 3/10 |
| In 1900, how many people lived in cities? | 40% |
| In 1920, how many people lived in cities? | 50% |
| Between 1900-1920, what was the largest city in the South? | New Orleans |
| Economic Reasons: | Industrialization (uniting people to work). Railroads brought in food, coal, people. Inflexib immigrants/millions from Southern/Eastern Europe. Farmers moved to cities due to bad crop seasons. |
| Physical Reasons: | Need to have sewer system. Trolly cars improve transportations. |
| Who created the Cable Car? | Andrew S. Hallidie in San Francisco, California |
| Who created the Electric Trolleys | Franz Blunck in Richmond, Virginia |
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