Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
13 Colonies Trades
Mr. Krupp 13 Colonies Trades Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the modern day equivalent of Apothecaries? | Doctors. |
| What did Apothecaries do? | They treated patients, made and prescribed medicines, made house calls, and taught apprentices. |
| What is Apothecaries relation to Surgeries? | Did surgeries which occurred at the time without anesthesia. |
| What is an example of Apothecaries remedies? | Calamine could be used to treat itchy skin problems and that heartburn could be cured with chalk. |
| What is some "frowned upon" cures Apothecaries offered? | Apothecaries often used leeches to "bleed" people and chinchona bark to treat fevers. |
| What did Apothecaries use to make remedies? | Herbs and animal parts. |
| What did Apothecaries sell? | Sold items such as anchovies, toothbrushes, and tobacco. |
| Did Apothecaries focus on cause of diseases or symptoms of the diseases? | Symptoms of diseases. |
| What was the major medical problems that Apothecaries treated? | Malaria, Smallpox. |
| Did Apothecaries attend medical school? | Treated patients and made medicines through an apprenticeship. Few apothecaries actually attended medical school. |
| What was the nickname of a Blacksmith? | Ferriers. |
| What did Blacksmith sell? | horseshoes, pots, pans, and nails. (Everyday Items), hammers, candleholders, tools, files, locks, fireplace racks, and anvils. |
| What farming equipment did Blacksmith sell? | Axes, plowshares, cowbells, and hoes. |
| How did Blacksmith work? | Blacksmith’s work was done in his personal forge in which scalding bars of iron were hammered with heavy sledges to fashion the iron into various shapes. |
| When did Blacksmith Apprentices start? | Apprenticeships started at age 14 or 15 and could last up to seven years. (Long and Hard) |
| What did Blacksmith Apprentices do? | Observe his master before helping with easy tasks. Learn more complicated tasks like heating and bending iron. Apprentice would be tasked with fashioning some kind of metal “master piece” that would be judged by his master. |
| What happened do Apprentices when they finished? | If the piece was adequate=pass, become journeyman - a traveling blacksmith who would repair metal goods in nearby villages. Earned enough money through his work=open his own shop. |
| What did Brickmakers trade do for city? | their trade contributed to the overall appearance of the village or city. |
| How did Brickmakers make the clay for bricks? | Mix the clay with water and mash it with their feet to produce the right consistency in an area called a treading pit. Debris such as sticks, rocks, and leaves would then be removed. |
| How did Brickmakers make colored bricks? | Different colored bricks were made by adding sand or ashes to the mixture. |
| How did Brickmakers make bricks? | The mixture would then be placed in a wooden mold to make the right shape. Within the molds, the brick mixtures would dry for a week or so before being moved to a drying shed where they would be stored for up to six weeks. |
| How were the bricks heated? | fired in a brick kiln sealed with clay for up to six days at temperatures approaching 2,000 degrees. (2000 bricks at once) (Not all usable) |
| What was the nickname for Candlemakers? | Chandler. |
| How was the wick made, and how did it connect with the wax? | wick with thin pieces of cotton or linen. Next, he would heat up tallow or animal fat before dipping the wick into it. The wick would be dipped into the burning animal fat several times. |
| What happened after the wick was in the candle? | When candle was at the desired size. Once the candle had hardened, the wick was trimmed and the candle was ready to be used. |
| What what type of smells did candles have? | tallow, gave off unpleasant odors. Chandlers also made candles from whale oil. These kind of candles didn’t smell any better than tallow candles but were more durable. |
| What were beeswax candles and did Chandlers use other material? | Wealthy people could buy candles made of beeswax, but these were expensive. Make candles using berries from the bayberry shrub, but this process of very time consuming and not cost-effective. |
| Were shoemakers and early industry? | Yes, Shoemakers could of come with John Smith on one of the maiden voyages to the New World that resulted in the establishment of the Jamestown colony |
| How were shoes created? | Shoemakers made shoes first by making wooden "lasts," or blocks of foot-shaped wood carved into different sizes. Next, a leather "upper" was stretched over the last and fastened with glue until it was ready to be fastened to the sole. |
| What was the final steps in shoe productions? | The sole would be pounded with metal tools and an awl was used to cut holes. Then the upper was removed from the last and the sole and upper were sewn together before the shoe was cleaned, polished, and fitted with a heel. |
| How long did shoes take to make? | 8-10 hours to make per shoe. |
| What the left and right shoe the same size? | No, however early shoemakers used the same pattern to make a pair of shoes, meaning the left and right shoes were exactly the same. |
| What was stored in barrels? | Flour, gunpowder, tobacco, shipping, wine, milk, and other liquids. |
| What did Coopers make? | Buckets, barrels, and containers. |
| What was the name of the barrel that shipped tobacco to England? | Hogs Head. |
| What changed in Cooper trade because demand was high? | Coopers began to specialize, so they can produce more barrels per year. |
| What was the first few steps in barrel construction? | Clear white oak staves (wooden planks for barrels) were split from the centers of mature trees. The tight cooper would then fashion the wooden parts with axes and knives before gathering them in a circular formation and securing them with iron rings. |
| What was the next few steps in barrel construction? | The staves were then heated to make them pliant (flexible) and pulled together with a special tool called a windlass. They were then banded with hickory hoops. Grooves were cut into lips that were formed to make sure the barrelheads fit tightly. |
| What was the last steps in barrel construction? | Next, the lid was made. Finally, the cooper would cut a hole in the top and side and then fit the holes with plugs. This was done so people could see what was in the barrel. |
| What was sold in the General Store | Coffee, produce, cheeses, and candles were among the many products sold at the general store. |
| What happened in General Store besides buying and selling goods. | It often served as a gathering point where people could debate politics, or sift through the latest European imports. |
| What are other things sold in General stores? | Sold metal goods, tins, wrought-iron decorations, playing cards, barrels, furs, guns, clothing, and anything else imaginable that could be sold. |
| What did farmers sell in General stores? | Farmers would often come with their extra meat, vegetables, and eggs to sell or trade |
| Why did colonial Gunsmith repair goods rather then make them? | Colonial gunsmiths mainly repaired guns, axes, and other metal tools because most firearms were imported from England because they were cheaper. |
| What were the 3 parts of a gun that each gunsmith specialized? | such as the barrel (the long tube through which the bullet passes), stock (the wooden part of the gun that serves as the grip and holds the firing mechanisms), or firelock (the firing mechanism). |
| How did flintlocks work? | A flintlock was a piece of flint set in a moveable cock. When the trigger was pulled, the cock fell causing the flint to strike a piece of steel, creating sparks. Come in contact with the gunpowder which would ignite the main charge in the barrel. |
| How were guns used in Colonial America? | Colonists needed guns to hunt for their food, and if necessary, protect themselves from Native Americans. |
| Why was the hat industry an important trade? | Hats were a sign of status in men and woman. |
| What did Hatters make hats out of? | Colonial hats were made of beaver skin, wool, cotton, or straw. |
| What were the different type of hats Hatters make? | Colonial hatters knew how to make many different kinds of hats such as a knitted caps, broad-brimmed hats (which was the most popular), or upturned brim-tricorne hats (three-cornered hats) |
| Why was the Hat industry bigger in Colonial America? | Because of the abundance in beavers furs in America compared to England. |
| How did the phrase mad as a Hatter came to be? | The washing liquid was full of mercury, which would attack the central nervous systems of the workers when it became airborne. Such workers would experience blurring of vision, loss of balance, delusions, and uncontrolled twitching of the muscles. |
| What city was the capital of Hats? | 5 million hats per year, Danbury Connecticut. |
| What were the most important things bought from Milliners | Men and women could shop for the day’s fashionable clothes and accessories. |
| What did Milliners sell? | Milliners sold fabric, hats, ribbons, hair pieces, dolls, jewelry, lottery tickets, games, and medicines. Most of the items for sale were imported from England. |
| Who did Milliner hire? | Milliners hired people called mantua makers, who would craft customized outfits, costumes, dresses, and jackets for women, and tailors who would perform similar duties for men. |
| What did Printers do? | Colonial printers printed books, newspapers, pamphlets and other publications. Their shops sometimes served as mail centers as well. |
| How did Printers get their materials? | Printers who printed newspapers bought their paper from a paper mill and made the ink in their shops. Paper was made from linen and cloth and ink was made from tannin, iron sulfate, gum, and water. |
| What was the first step in printing a newspaper? | First, the type was set. A type was a single piece of metal with a letter, number, or point of punctuation. 25 hours of labor to produce. The type setting process was done by an employee or apprentice of the printer known as the compositor. |
| What was the next step in printing a newspaper? | An inking pad or “beater” was used to spread the ink over the type. The type would be arranged and held with an apparatus called a composing stick. |
| What was the final step in printing a newspaper? | The press itself functioned by squeezing the paper against the arranged type with about 200 pounds of pressure to ensure the ink was deposited boldly and evenly on the paper. The paper was then set aside to dry before the other side was printed. |
| Who was the most famous printer and what was so of his work? | Benjamin Franklin, who published newspapers and books from his printing press in Philadelphia. One of Franklin’s most famous publications was called Poor Richard’s Almanac, a book of predictions, information, and advice |
| How did the Puritans meet? | Puritan population practiced religion in meetinghouses - multi-purpose buildings that served not only as houses of worship, but for political and social functions as well. |
| How did the Puritans practice Christianity? | Puritans practiced a “pure” form of Christianity and followed strict rules that governed their lives. Puritans were generally intolerant of other religion groups, or of “radicals” who spoke out against their ways. |
| What were the religions in the Middle Colonies? | Religious diversity was highest here, and there were practicing populations of Quakers, Roman Catholics, Protestants, Catholics, Lutherans, Jews, and others. |
| What ere the religions in the Southern Colonies? | Practiced their religions in traditional looking religious establishments. While most citizens belonged to the Church of England, there were different sects of Christianity such as Anglicans and Baptists. |
| What happened to religion over time? | The direct affect of religion on politics and government began to fade in the colonies as the number of religious groups and their populations increased. By the time the Constitution was written, the separation between church and state had been completed. |
| What did Harness and Saddle makers cater to? | To the rich. |
| How did the saddle cost, how long did it last, and how long will it take to make? | A custom-made harness could cost a month’s wages, take thirty hours to fashion, and would last 25-30 years. |
| What other items did Harness and Saddle Makers sold? | Harness makers also made and repaired other leather goods such as couch cushions, pistol buckets, razor cases, cartridge cases, bags and pouches, water buckets, and horse riding accessories. |
| When did apprentices start and what did they learn? | Apprenticeships usually started around age 13, and apprentices had to learn the complexities of fashioning systems of cutting, stitching, and assembly that connected a horse to a carriage. |
| What did the apprentices learn about the thread? | They also had to learn to make the special thread used in leather work that was made of flax or hemp and coated in beeswax. |
| What did the Harness and Saddle Makers use to cut leather? | Harness and saddle makers learned to use specialized knives, awls, and dividers that cut leather. |
| What were the different types of saddles? | sidesaddles for ladies, racing saddles, saddles for luggage (called portmanteaus) and saddles for carriage drivers (called postilions) and how to make saddles of different colors, textures, and waterproofing strength. |
| Why can times be tough for Silversmiths and what did this force Silversmiths to do. | Business could often be difficult as many wealthy citizens imported their silver objects from England. Some silversmiths in America were forced to make their livings by importing silverware from England and selling it. |
| Why did Silversmiths used old silver? | It was very difficult to obtain unfinished silver and colonial silversmiths often had to buy the old silver pieces from citizens just to have silver to work with. |
| What did Silversmiths sold? | made relatively few original items such as spoons, buttons, and shoe buckles. They would also repair items. |
| What was the nickname for Silversmiths? | Goldsmiths. |
| What was the first step in making silver items? | thick pieces of metal called ingots. Upon an anvil, the ingot would be hammered until it was thin enough. |
| What was the last step in making silver items? | It was then placed over a stake where it was shaped and smoothed. The last step was polishing the piece with pumice, decomposed limestone (known as tripoli) and powdered red iron ore (known as jeweler’s rouge). |
| Where were taverns located? | The arduous conditions in early colonial travel, taverns were generally erected every few miles on main roads to accommodate weary and hungry travelers |
| What could people do in taverns? | Although people could certainly buy and drink beer, ale, wine, and other liquors, as well as enjoy a good meal and get a good night’s sleep, |
| What did people talk about in taverns? | Where townspeople socialized, exchanged ideas, talked about local politics, and even made laws and declared action. |
| Give an example of a tavern? | Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg, Virginia, served as the staging grounds for Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and other Virginians to protest the British Crown. |
| What did Wheelwrights make? | They made wheels for wagons, carriages, and riding chairs. |
| Why were wheels so tough? | Colonial roads were rocky and rugged, wheels had to be made to handle the rough conditions. |
| What did Wheelwrights make? | Wheelwrights also built or repaired carts, wheelbarrows and wagons. |
| What was the relationship between farmer and Wheelwright? | Wheelwrights were very important in farming regions, where farmers needed wheeled vehicles to move their crops. |
| What knowledge did Wheelwrights need to know? | Wheelwrights had to have precise measuring skills as well as knowledge of basic geometry. |
| How difficult was it to make wheels and what skill were required? | Constructing such a wheel was considerably difficult and took the skills of metal working and carpentry. |
| How did the Wheelwrights use wood? | Wheelwrights cut, chiseled, fashioned, and shaped wheels from wood. The spokes and hubs were also made of wood. |
| How did the Wheelwrights use iron? | They used iron rims, often made by local blacksmiths, to fit around the exterior of the wheels. |
| What was the final and hardest step in making a wheel? | Of particular difficulty was the process of perfecting the mortise and tenon process, where the wheelwright carved a cavity (mortise) in a piece of wood and shaped the tenon to fit in the cavity snugly. |
| What 2 parts of a wig did Wigmakers make and who did they cater to? | Wigmakers made perukes (wigs), queues (hair pieces that hung from the back of the head) and fashioned the hair of the elite. |
| How were wigs status symbols? | In the Southern colonies, the ownership of wigs was so tied to social status, that wealthy plantation owners bought wigs for their slaves to wear |
| What were wigs made out of? | Wigs were made of horse, goat, or yak hair |
| What can a skill Wigmaker do with a wig? | Skillful wigmakers could customize a wig to the preferences of the customer or to the styles popular in London. |
| What time will Wigmakers be busy? | The wigmaker was especially busy when the courts were in session as the judges and attorneys each required their own specialized hair pieces. |
| What were the names of all the trades in the 13 colonies? | Apothecary, Blacksmith, Brickmaker, Candlemaker, Cobbler, Cooper, General Store Manager, Gunsmith, Hatter, Milliner, Printer, Religion in the 13 Colonies, Harness and Saddlemaker, Silversmith, Tavern Keeper, Wheelwright, Wigmaker |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Apothecary? | Drugstore, Pharmacy, Pharmacist (CVS, Vitamin Shop, Walgreens, Walmart Pharmacy, Duane Reade, Shop Right Pharmacy) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Blacksmith? | Welder, Caster, Metal Worker, Machinist (Iron Shop, Iron Fabricator) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Brickmaker? | Mason, Concrete, Construction Worker, (Masonry) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Candlemaker? | Chandler, Candlemaker (Yankee Candle, Bath and Body Works) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Cobbler? | Shoe Maker, Shoe Manufacturer (DSW, Foot Locker, Nike, Champs, Adidas) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Cooper? | Barrel Maker, Container Maker, Bag Maker (Ziplock, Tupperware, Rubbermaid) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of General Store Keeper? | Food Store, Grocery Store, Supermarket, Convenience Store (Walmart, AP, Wawa, Costco, BJ) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Gunsmith? | Gun Maker, Gun Manufacturer () |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Hatter? | Hat Maker, Hat Manufacturer (Lids) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Milliner? | Tailor, Dry Cleaner, Seamstress, Clothing Designer (Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, Louis Vuitton) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Printer? | Printer, Publisher, Printing House, Post Office (Penguin Books, Harper and Rankest, New York Times, Asbury Park Press, Star Ledger) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Religion in the 13 Colonies? | Church, Pester, Priests () |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Harness and Saddlemaker? | Leather Manufacture (Leather Boots, Leather Gloves) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Silversmith? | Silver Maker, Jeweler (Pandora, K Jewelry, Michael Kors) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Tavern Keeper? | Restaurant, Hotel, Motel (Trey, Morris Tavern, Fridays, Mc Donald's, Tommy's Tavern, Marriot Hotel) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Wheelwright? | Auto-Mechanics (Auto Zone, Car Dealership, Pep Boys, Fire Stone, Costco, BJ) |
| What was the 21st equivalent of Wigmaker? | Barber, Hair Stylist, Cosmetologist (Great Clips, Ulta, Macy's) |
| How many trades are there? | 17. |
Created by:
Akpatel
Popular U.S. History sets