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History SG 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was "The Jungle"? Who was it written by? | Written by Upton Sinclair, "The Jungle" was a description of the meat packaging industry. It later led to the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act. It describes Elzbieta, a women who picks up a job to support her family. |
| What did Sinclair compare the workers to in his story? | Sinclair compares the workers to the ptarmigan and the chameleon because of how they began to become the color of the sausage. Just as a chameleon becomes the color it’s touching, the workers became the color of what they had been working with. |
| What was the sausage factor described as in "The Jungle"? | The jungle takes place at Elzbieta’s factory. It’s described as being a dark hole, with low lighting, puddles on the floor, and a sickening odor of moist flesh. Sausage was all over the floor, stomped and spit on, and there were tons of rats. |
| Why did the workers stay in such conditions? | The workers were required to stay in such conditions because they had families at home, and if they didn’t keep their job then they wouldn’t be able to support their families. |
| What actions did the factories take to make them ready for "home consumption"? | Old sausage from Europe that had been rejected, and was moldy and white, would be given to the factory would dose it with borax and glycerine, and dumped into the hoppers. |
| What pull factors and push factors prompted people to move to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries? | Pull factors: promise of a better life Pull factors: famine, land shortages, or religious or political persecution |
| After 1890 from where did most of the European immigrants come?O | Before 1890, most immigrants came from countries in western and northern Europe. However, after 1890, increased numbers came from southern and eastern Europe. |
| How did immigrants deal with challenges they faced? | The immigrants would create cultures where they had their own schools, shops, small businesses, churches, and more. |
| Why did nativists want the government to bar entry to Chinese immigrants? | Nativists wanted the government to bar entry to Chinese immigrants because they thought the Anglo-Saxons, or the Germanic ancestors of the English, were superior to the other groups. |
| What compromise did the governments of the United States and Japan reach on immigration? | Under the Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907-1908, Japan’s government agreed to limit the immigration of unskilled workers to the US. The US government then agreed to repeal the San Francisco segregation order. |
| How did mass immigration and migration help accelerate urbanization? | Mass immigration and migration allowed for unskilled workers to find a job as a factory worker. |
| Why did many immigrants choose to settle in cities? | Many immigrants chose to settle in cities because it was cheap and convenient, and because they offered jobs for those without skill. |
| How did many farm workers in the South react to technological and economic changes in the late 1800s? | In the late 1800s, although inventions such as the McCormick reaper and steel plow made farming easier and quicker, many lost their jobs to this new technology. |
| What problems did rapid growth pose for cities? | Housing, poverty, water, sanitation, crime, and fires |
| What solutions to urban problems did the settlement house movement propose? | The settlement house movement helped point out the bad conditions that the poor had to live and work in. They would create community centers in bad neighborhoods to help assist people in the area, including immigrants. |
| What was the chief immigration station in the U.S.? | The original station was located at the Castle Garden in New York City, but was later relocated to Ellis Island in New York Harbor, which primarily European immigrants came through. |
| What and where was the another popular immigration station? | Many Asians, primarily Chinese, came through Angel Island in San Francisco bay. |
| What is nativism? | Overt favoritism towards native-born Americans. Many believed the Anglo-Saxons, or the Germanic ancestors of the English, were superior. Favoritism toward locally born citizens over those of foreign origin because of differences. |
| What was the Chinese Exclusion Act? | An act that banned all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, government officials, an tourists. |
| What was the Gentlemen's Agreement? | Japan's government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the US. In exchange, the U.S. repealed the San Francisco segregation order. |
| What was the Gilded Age? | A novel written by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner that described the excesses of the late 19th century. He revealed that the glittering exterior seems to block out the corrupt politicians and the difference in wealth classes. |
| What was the political machine | An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city. The pyramid included 3 layers, with local precinct workers on the bottom, "ward bosses" in the middle, and city bosses at the top. |
| What was a political boss? | A political boss controlled access to a munipcial jobs and business licenses. For example, Roscoe Conkling in NYC used his power to build parks, sewer systems, and waterworks. |
| What was graft? | The illegal use of political influence for personal gain. For example, they would allow illegal gambling to occur if they were bribed. The police were hired and fired by politicians at this point, so they hardly interfered. |
| What was extortion? | To strongly encourage someone to do something. Ex. a politician may help an immigrant get a construction job, then strongly encourage them, or exhort them, to fake the price of what it would cost to build something like a bridge, keeping the extra money. |
| Who was Thomas Nast? | A political cartoonist who had called out William M. Tweed, or Boss Tweed, and helped create an outrage against Tammany Hall’s graft. Tweed was finally charged and convicted of 120 counts of extortion and fraud. He recieved 12 years in prison. |
| What was patronage? | The practice of giving government jobs to those who helped a politician get elected. People from Cabinet members down to those who washed the steps of the Capital were given their jobs by those who were elected. |
| What was civil service? | Government administration. Many reformers believed that Civil Service jobs should be given to those who were best suited for the job, not because they had political connections, the reccomendations from others they got, or their political opinion. |
| What was Pendleton Civil Service? | A group of people who were to make choices on who gets a job based on a merit system that graded a candidate based on their performance. Although the candidates became more honest and efficient, they were no longer able to pressure them for support. |
| What did Henry Ford do? What did he create? | He created a way that required less people to move, which in turn created a faster way to work. This way was an assembly line. |
| What were working conditions like? | -Working conditions were very harsh -14+ hour work days, 6 days a week, with little to no breaks -Factories were dark and dangerous, leading to many injuries and deaths -Women and kids were hired because they were cheapest |
| Most of the industrial workers were immigrants from ________ and ______ Europe. | Southern; Eastern |
| As companies began to prosper, the workers also began to organize by trying to form ____________. What did these groups do? | Labor unions; They strived to improve working conditions and benefits for the workers. -Owners often opposed labor unions, which often led to conflict between workers and owners. |
| Why were Unions good? | They provided workers with: -Increase Wages -Decrease Hours -Improve Conditions |
| ________, or work stoppages, are the primary tools that labor unions use to get what they want. | Strikes |
| Employers had 5 tools they used to break strikes. What were they? Describe them. | 1.) Lockouts- locking the workers out 2.) Scabs- replacement workers 3.) Yellow Dog Contracts- says you can't join a labor union 4.) Blacklists- a list of people who can't find a job 5.) Pinkertons- people who come to defend your company |
| Businesses didn't like unions because... | Employers have little flexibility, a decline in the value of merit, and products made by union workers may cost more. |
| Companies would have workers take _____ or ________ promising not to join a union. They would hire ______ to identify union organizers. | Oaths; Sign Contracts; Detectives |
| Workers who organized a union or strike were fired and put on a _______-a list of troublemakers. How did they find a job after this happened? | Blocklist/Blacklist Once blacklisted, a worker could only get a job by changing trade, residence, or his or her name. |
| In 1886 delegates from over 20 of the nation's trade unions organized the _________. It was the biggest what? | American Federation of Labor (AFL) It was the biggest union in the country. |
| The AFL's first leader was ___________, whose plain and simple approach to labor relations helped unions become accepted. | Samuel Gompers |
| It would be __ decades before true reforms were made. | 3 |
| What is a recall? | Elected officials could be removed from office by voting in a special election. |
| What is an initiative? | Voters could directly introduce bills in the state legislature and could vote on whether they wanted a bill passed (create laws). |
| What is a referendum? | Voters could compel legislators to place a bill on the ballot for approval (change laws). Procedure of placing an existing law on the ballot for the public to approve or reject. |
| What is secret ballot? | A law that states that voters have the right to vote in private. Voters were less subject to pressure and intimidation when they could vote in secret. |
| What are direct party primaries? | Special elections that are held to determine whom party members wanted as candidates in the election. Nominating election where voters select candidates for the ballot in the general election. |
| What are direct election of senators? | Senators are elected directly by the people (17th amendment) instead of by state legislatures. |
| What did the 16th Amendment do? | Graduated income tax or Progressive income tax. Allow the federal government to tax the income earned by workers. There was an income tax created prior to the 16th amendment but the U.S. Supreme Court struck it down as unconsitutional. |
| What did the 18th Amendment do? | Outlaws the sale, manufacturing, and distribution of alchol in the U.S. Prohibition will remain in effect from 1920-1933. Prohibition is the action of forbidding something. |
| What did the 19th amendment do? | Women's suffrage. Granted American women the right to vote. Ratified in 1920. |
| What did the 21st amendment do? | Repealed the 18th amendment on the ban of alcohol. |
| What did the 13th amendment do? | Abolished Slavery. The Emancipation Proclamation could easily be overturned by another president. Amendments are more lasting. |
| What did the 14th Amendment do? | Granted full U.S. citizenship to all former slaves, gave due process of law (or fair treatment), and provided equal Protection. It intended to protect the rights of former slaves. |
| What did the 15th Amendment do? | Gave black men the right to vote. Extended suffrage to a disenfranchised group. |
| How did the Union get southern states to ratify these amendments? | Before any Southern state could be readmitted to the Union, it had to ratify these amendments. |
| What was a literacy test? | A reading and writing test required to vote. Many freedmen, lacking a formal education, could not pass reading and writing tests. As a result, they were banned from voting. |
| What were poll taxes? | A tax required in order to vote. Blacks could not afford to pay special voter registration fees and therefore were barred from voting. |
| What were Grandfather Clauses? | A law in the south that stated if you're grandfather had previously voted, you could vote. People who were qualified to vote in 1867 could avoid literacy test and poll taxes. This helped poor whites but not blacks, since they gained rights only in 1870. |
| What was Plessy v. Ferguson | The U.S. Supreme Court decision affirming segregation, by ruling the separate but equal facilities were constitutional |
| What was the Ku Klux Klan? | Founded by ex-confederate soldiers. They were only white Anglo Saxon Protestants. They used acts of terrorism. An organization in the south that used violence to prevent granting civil rights to blacks. |
| What were the "Jim Crow" Laws? | These were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern U.S. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. |
| What was the Triangle Waist Company? What happened? | The Triangle Waist Company was one example of a sweat factory. It was stated that the factories had, “Low wages, excessively long hours, and unsanitary and dangerous working conditions…” 146 workers died in The Triangle-Shirtwaist Fire. |
| What does it mean to "assimilate" ? | Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group. Process of transitioning foreigners to behave the local citizens (speech, dress, likes) |
| What was the progressive movement? | A movement that aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life. |
| What did the 17th Amendment do? | Direct election of senators. Senators were elected directly by the people instead of by the state legislature. |
| What are workplace reforms? | The change made in labor laws that improved the working situations of men, women, and children who were not being treated fairly. |
| What was the issue stated as in the Plessy v. Ferguson case? | Does the Louisiana statute establishing separate railroad cars or sections for black and Iwhite passengers violate the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments and exceed the lawful police powers of the state? |
| What facts of the case were presented to the Court? (Plessy case) | Plessy had stated that the laws were unconstitutional and that it went against the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments. |
| What was the decision of the Court? What was the rationale behind it? (Plessy Case) | The courts rule was a 7-1 vote against Plessy’s case. The reasoning behind it was that it didn’t go against the 13th and 14th amendments because it didn’t apply.They said that just because they’re separated “doesn’t mean it shows inferiority of one race.” |
| What was the effect of the decision? (Plessy case) | The effects of the results in the Plessy case had changed a lot of other states. The “separate but equal” became a part of a lot of the states laws. For example, the “Jim Crow” laws became a part of the south, and later to the other states. |
| In the Post-Reconstruction era after 1877, racial segregation became institutionalized in the South primarily as a result of the | Passage of the Jim Crow Laws |
| During the early 1900s, the movement for prohibition pushed legislators to enact social change throughout the United States. Which social change was encouraged by the movement for prohibition in the United States? | Outlawing of alcohol in the United States. |
| How did the removal of federal troops after Reconstruction change the South? | It allowed racial discrimmination to be institutionalized with the passage of Jim Crow Laws. |
| Revenue generating practice under which the more money that you make the more money you will pay the federal government in taxes. | Graduated Income Tax |
| The Fifteenth Amendment was most closely tied to what historical period? | Reconstruction |
| The Supreme Court supported Jim Crow laws through decisions like the one in the 1896 case of | Plessy v. Ferguson |
| How did poll taxes limit citizens’ right to liberty in the late 1800s? | The poll taxes prevented black males from voting and denied them a voice in the government. |
| Jim Crow laws, which were passed in Southern states following Reconstruction, were intended to | Institute racial segregation |
| Ford’s production of Model T’s in the early 20th century demonstrated the economic relationship between specialization and | Greater efficiencies in production |
| Southern states were readmitted to the Union when they... | Ratified the Fourteenth Amendment |
| Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle uncovered the unhealthy conditions inside a meat packing plant. Name a legislative action that occurred in response to the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle/ | The Pure Food and Drug Act required improved food handling processes and procedures. |
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