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Unit 1: AM Hist
Age of Revolution and Foundations of US
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reason | The power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic |
| Laissez-Faire | French meaning “To leave alone.” A policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering “a laissez-faire attitude to life”. |
| Despotism | the exercise of absolute power by a political system or ruler, especially in a cruel and oppressive way. “some nations are democracies, others are despotisms.” |
| Social Contract | an implicit agreement among the members of society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. |
| Progress | Forward or onward movement toward a destination; a positive advancement or development toward a better, more complete, or modern condition. |
| Natural Law | A body of unchanging moral principles for all people to follow. |
| Enlightenment | the action or state of attainting spiritual knowledge or insight. |
| John Locke | English philosopher and physician; influential Enlightenment thinker and known as the “Father of Liberalism”. |
| Montesquieu | French philosopher, judge, and historian. Source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions in the world. |
| Voltaire | French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. Advocate for freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. Influenced the progress of Enlightenment in Europe and French Revolution and development of political, economic, and educational thought. |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist, philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and key figure in Scottish Enlightenment. |
| Intolerable Acts | Also known as the Coercive Acts, laws that were put in place by Parliament in Great Britain in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party incident. |
| Tea Act | an act of the British Parliament (1773) that created a monopoly unfair to American tea merchants |
| Stamp Act | an act of the British Parliament for raising revenue in the American Colonies by requiring the use of stamps and stamped paper for official documents, commercial writings, and various articles |
| Sons of Liberty | any of several patriotic societies, originally secret, that opposed the Stamp Act and thereafter supported moves for American independence. |
| Declaration of Independence | the public act by which the Second Continental Congress, on July 4, 1776, declared the Colonies to be free and independent of England. |
| American Revolution | the war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775–83, by which the colonies won their independence. |
| Battle of Lexington and Concord | The first battles of the Revolutionary War, fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775. |
| Boston Tea Party | a raid in Boston Harbor (December 16, 1773) in which Boston colonists, disguised as Indians, threw hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor as a protest against British taxes on tea and against the monopoly granted the East India Company |
| George Washington | Founding father. Commander in chief of the Continental Army. Our future first President. |
| Alexander Hamilton | Founding Father. G. Washington's right hand man. Becomes head of department treasury, creates US Bank, Governor of NY. Of the Federalist party. Wrote the majority of the Federalist papers. Died after a duel with Aaron Burr. |
| Charles Cornwallis | General of the British army. Surrendered at battle of Yorktown. |
| Marquis De Lafayette | French General who allied with colonists, led a battalion in Yorktown, and was a close acquaintance of G. Washington. |
| Henry Knox | First Secretary of War. Principal founder of US Military Academy, co-founder of US Navy. |
| Nathaniel Greene | Revolutionary war General in major battles, supreme commander of Continental Army. His battlefield status forced Cornwallis into surrender. |
| Battle of Yorktown | Battle October, 1781. The battle that won the American Revolution and the British surrendered. |
| Battle of Bunker Hill | Battle June 17, 1775. Continental Army shot from the top of the hill and British from below. British won after 3 advances due to lack of ammunition on the Continental Army side. |
| Battle of Saratoga | Battle October 1777. A major defeat for the British. Colonial army led by General Horatio Gates. |
| Battle of Trenton | Battle December 1776, Christmas Day. George Washington and Army cross the Delaware river for an overnight surprise attack on German Hessians. Winning and capturing the Hessians. |
| Constitutional Convention | A meeting of the founding fathers to create the US Constitution in order to replace the Articles of Confederation. |
| Articles of Confederation | A document initially created post Revolutionary war that was meant to establish the US Government and organize the colonies, but was later replaced because it was weak and could not be altered. |
| US Constitution | A living document that can be altered till the end of time. Replaced the Articles of Confederation as it contained stronger initiatives to establish and organize the US Government and its powers. |
| Federalist | The first US political party and the formation of our first government. Favored the ratification of the Constitution. |
| Legislative Branch | Branch of government that makes the laws. Congress which is bicameral- House of Representatives and the Senate. |
| Executive Branch | Branch of government that enforces the laws. The US President leads this branch. |
| Judicial Branch | Branch of government that interprets the laws. The US Supreme Court and all lower courts. |
| Bicameral Representation | The senate having an equal number of representatives for each state and the house of representatives being based on the population of each state. |
| Thomas Jefferson | Third president of the United States. Featured on the $2 bill. Known for having written the Declaration of Independence. Of the Democratic-Republican party. |
| Aaron Burr | Vice President during Thomas Jefferson's presidency. Politician and Lawyer. Disappeared after a duel with Alexander Hamilton, leaving Hamilton dead. |
| Federalist Papers | A series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton (51), James Madison (29), and John Jay (5), that argued in favor of ratifying the US Constitution. |
| Articles of Confederation | A document that detailed the formation of how we were to be governed post American Revolution. However, was found to be weak and disorganized. After 10 years of its use, was replaced with the US Constitution |
| US Constitution | Document that replaced the Articles of Confederation. Contains a series of articles and amendment that details the formation of our government, rights and freedoms. It is living and therefore can be amended to this day. |
| Judiciary Act of 1801 | This act made the US Constitution the supreme law of the land, and provided the Judicial Branch the duty to uphold the Constitution. |
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