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Mod. 4 - Carbs
Biochemistry Module 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the most common organic molecule | glucose |
| in what ways is glucose a versetile molecule | it is used by plants, animals, and microorganisms |
| 1 metric ton is | 1000 mg |
| how is glucose primarily made | through photosynthesis |
| how does photosynthesis work | combines carbon dioxide and water to make cellulose/starch/and other plant products |
| what is the general structure of glucose | CnH2nOn |or| Cn(H2O)n |
| even though carbohydrates contain mostly C,H,O they can contain a few other elements. what are they | Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur |
| sucrose is a (monosaccharide/disaccharide/polysaccharide) | sucrose is a DISACCHARIDE |
| saccharide is derived from | GREEK |
| name the three main types of carbohydrate chains | - monosaccharide - oligosaccharide - polysaccharide |
| what is a monosaccharide | a simple, single sugar (one monomer) |
| what is an oligosaccharide. | similar to an oligopeptide, it is a short chain of simple sugars |
| what is a poly saccharide | a chain with 20(+0 monomers. this can be linear or it can be highly branched |
| what are some functions of carbohydrates | - energy source (in most organisms) - can be intermediate in metabolic pathways - structure - backbone in DNA/RNA |
| name the two main functional groups in monosaccharides | - aldehyde - ketone |
| what is the aldehyde group called in sugar | aldose |
| what is the ketone functional group called in sugar | ketose |
| who came up withh the Fischer Projection form | Emil Fischer |
| what are fischer projection formulas | a 2-D representation of a 3-D carbohydrates or other organic molecules |
| how are carbons represented in fischer projections | with intersections or actually shows carbon |
| the D and L prefix in a saccharide indicates what | the location of the OH group on the second to last carbon (or the penultimate carbon) on the fischer projection |
| what is the penultimate carbon | the second to last carbon on a fischer projection |
| what is the difference between D and L | D - the OH is on the right side L - the OH is on the left side |
| what does D mean | dextrorotary |
| what does L mean | levorotary |
| the configuration of all monosaccharides are determined by | D or L |
| what is dextrose | glucose that is always in D form |
| in nature most monosaccharides are (D/L/half and half) configuration | in nature, most monosaccharides are D configuration |
| why are most saccharides in nature D configuration | most enzymes are shaped in such a ways that nature favors the D configuration |
| all hexases have the same _______________ and they are all _______________ and differ only in ____________________________ of OH | all hexases have the same CHEMICAL FORMULA (c6H12O6) and they are all ALDEHYDES and differ only n SHAPE and ORIENTATION of OH |
| D-Glucose and D-Mannose are both Hexoses, draw a fischer diagram of both and explain how each one is different. | the OH on Carbon 2 is different (Right on Glucose and left on mannose) |
| what are epimers | monomers that differ in the orientation at only one position |
| because D-Glucose and D-Mannose only differ in the OH location in one position they are considered to be | Epimers |
| monosaccharides exist as chains (and/or) rings in a solution | monosaccharides exist as chain AND rings in a solution |
| draw a ring structure of D-glucose and fischer projection of D-glucose | see attached |
| what is furnose | five atoms with 4 carbons and an oxygen and resembles a furan ring |
| draw a furan molecule | see drawing |
| draw a pyran molecule | see drawning |
| what is pyranose | a ring that contains six atoms with five carbons and a single oxygen |
| furan and pyran rings are considered ________________ because they contain a molecule other than carbon | heterocyclic |
| the oxygen component of a ringed carbon originates from | one of the -OH groups on carbon 5 |
| how is the ring formed from a chain | the Oxygen from -OH on Carbon 5 reacts with carbon to form a ring |
| when D-glucose chain reacts to form a ring, it forms two types of rings. name them | alpha form (alpha-D-glucopyranose) and the beta form (beta-D-glycosepyranose) |
| draw a beta-D-glucopyranose | see drawing |
| draw an alpha-D-glucopyranose | see drawing |
| what of the area of the molecule defines whether or not the D-glucopyranose is an alpha or beta | anomeric carbon |
| what is an anomer | structural forms that differ only in -OH position about the Carbon that forms the hemiacetal group |
| what is the anomeric carbon | the carbon-1 that has been reduced to produce a ring, the hemiacetal group in the alpha/beta structure of the ring |
| (t/f) different anomers cannot convert from alpha to beta forms and back again | TRUE: anomers can move back and forth in and out of the alpha/beta formation |
| how do anomers change from alpha to beta and vice versa | open chain molecule (interconversion and mutarotation) |
| draw the haworth projection of beta-D-galactones as well as the fisher projection, compare and contrast the two | see pictures |
| (t/f) the annomer conversion reaction never reaches equilibrium and it is not reversible | FALSE: the anomer conversion process is an equilibrium reaction and it is reversible |
| why are ring structures so essential in biochemistry | the ring form of monosaccharides are the only form that monomers can be in when the y are bonding to make polysaccharides |
| to create polymers, bonding only occurs at ________________ | bonding only occurs at the anomeric carbon. |
| name a couple of polysaccharides that are used for structure | - cellulose - chitin |
| _____________________ reactions are the reactions that creates bonds for polysacharides | condensation reactions |
| what are O-glycidic linkage | the bond between two monosaccharides and highlights the oxygen linking the two |
| what two carbons are involved in the O-glycidic linkage | Carbon-1 and Carbon-4 |
| what is the chemical name of Maltose (D-glucose and D-Glucose) | alpha-D-glycopyranosyl (1-->4)-D-glucopyranose |
| lactose is the combination of what two monosaccharides and what is the connection | Glucose and Galactose (B 1 --> 4) |
| this disaccharide has a curved bond with an oxygen that does not look like other | Lactose |
| what is the disaccharide that becomes table sugar and what does it consist of | sucrose (is the disaccharide) and it contains fructose (existing as a furanose ring) |
| draw a beta 1 ----> 6 bond | see picture |
| about how many monosaccharides are in a polysaccharide | 1,000 to 1,000,000 |
| what are homopolymers | polymers that are made from a single type of monosaccharide (like a polysaccharide made up of only D-glucose) |
| what are heterosaccharides | polymer that are made up of at lease 2 or more types of monosaccharides (usually repeating fashion) |
| what are three crucial homopolymers | 1) cellulouse 2) starch 3) glycogen |
| where can starch be found | plants |
| what is starch made up of | - amylose - amylopectin |
| what is amylase | a linear chain of monosaccharides with no branching through alpha 1--->4 linkages often times this is referred to as the "main chain" |
| what is the reducing end of a amylose | the end of the amylose chain that reacts with a solution (usually anomeric carbon) |
| what is the non-reducing end in the amylose | the end of the amylose chains that maintains the o-glycidic linkage. |
| what is amylopectin | on a long chain of glucose with branches (in starch, these branches occur every 24-30 molecules) in plants. these branches have large numbers of glucose |
| describe the linkages that are used to amylopectin | alpha 1 --> 4 links |
| what are the benefits of the amylopectin branches | this allows the molecule to form larger compounds in a more compact space |
| draw the reducing and non reducing end of a amylose chain | see picture |
| draw a branch linkage between alpha 1 --> 6 linkage | see picture |
| what is the importance of the reducing end | can undergo chemical changes easily, the carbon is not connected to other monosaccharides and is a free anomeric carbon (lacking o-glycosidic linkage |
| what is the importance of the non reducing end | contains an o-glyosidic linkage that limits its reactivity |
| where is glycogen produced | animals and it is used for storage |
| in humans where can glycogen be found | the liver (usually helps to increase blood glucose levels) and muscles |
| glycogen forms branches every _____________________________________ unites of monomers | eight (8) to twelve (12) |
| (starch/glycogen) has more extensive branching allowing this molecule to have a larger storing capacity | GLYCOGEN has more extensive branching allowing for more storing capacity |
| draw a short chain about of cellulose | see picture |
| where can cellulose be found and what its purpose | - corn stalks - cotton - celery |
| describe the structure of cellulose | - long changes that are similar to amylose and there is no branching |
| cellulose cannot be broken down by most animals and humans because | we do not have the enzymes that allows them to break down the bonds |
| what is chitin | a carbohydrate that forms the exoskeleton of beetles and other insects |
| chitin is similar to cellulose except for | chitin has an additional chain of of NH-CO-CH3 on carbon 2 |
| what is the importance of the additional NH-CO-CH3 on carbon 2 in chitin | it gives chains the ability to form the sheets of exoskeleton |
| draw a chitin molecules | see picture |
| (t/f) long chains of polysaccharides do not fold like polypeptieds | FALSE: the polysaccharides can fold in similar ways proteins can using hydrogen (and other non-covalent) bonds |
| discuss the role of hydrogen bonds in polysaccharides | they are critical due to over abundance of -OH groups, homopolysaccharides permits many intramolecular hydrogen bonds to form, results from the massive structure of the molecule, the bonds can form alpha-helices from amylose |
Created by:
kandriot
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