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History 1940-1960
Semester Exam Lexington
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Berlin Blockade | During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway and road access to the sectors of Berlin under their control |
| Containment | a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect". |
| Division of Germany | the country was split between the two global blocs in the East and West |
| Domino Theory | speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow |
| Iron Curtain | symbolized the ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization the organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. |
| Why Communism was Appealing | Communism was an ideological response to industrial capitalism and the stark poverty and exploitation under which the laborers were subjected to by the capitalist class and its State apparatuses |
| World Super Powers After WWII | USA and USSR |
| Reason for Soviet Bloc | to have a strong communist defense |
| Truman Doctrine | support democracy worldwide and fight against communism |
| Chiang Kai-Shek | was a political and military leader of 20th century China |
| China During WWII | Japan raped plundered and pillaged China prior to attacking the US at Pearl Harbor. As the war progressed China joined the Allied powers but were occupied by Japanese forces close to the border |
| Cultural Revolution | -was a period of widespread social and political upheaval in the People’s Republic of China between 1966 and 1976, resulting in nation-wide chaos and economic disarray |
| Kim IL Sung | was a Korean communist politician who led North Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death |
| Mao Zedong | was a Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and Communist leader. He led the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976 |
| Police Action | a euphemism for a military action undertaken without a formal declaration of war |
| Reasons for Limited War in Korea | The policy debate in America became polarized between those who sought an honorable means of resolving the conflict, and those who believed the American military should force the Communists out of the North and unify the country |
| Rosenbergs-Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 – June 19, 1953) and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (September 28, 1915 – June 19, 1953) | American communists who were executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges related to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Theirs was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history |
| The Little Red Book | Quotations from Chairman Mao better known in the West as The Little Red Book,The most printed book in the twentieth century, Quotations had an estimated 5 to 6.5 billion copies printed during Mao's attempt to transform Chinese society |
| Venona Project Difficulties | long-running secret collaboration of the US and UK intelligence agencies involving cryptanalysis of messages sent by intelligence agencies of the USSR, mostly during World War II.Different names, hard to prosecute when unable to release info to public |
| Baby Boom | refers to the dramatic post-World War II baby boom (1946-1964). There are an estimated 77.3 million Americans who were born during this demographic boom in births |
| Brown v Board of Education | decision of the US Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities Overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 |
| Dr. Spock | A pediatrician with ideas about childcare influenced parents to be more flexible and affectionate with their children and to treat them as individuals instead of previous methods had been that child rearing should focus on building discipline |
| Jim Crow Laws | They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans. |
| Levitt Town | was the first truly mass-produced suburb and is widely regarded as the archetype for postwar suburbs throughout the country. |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination" |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal |
| Rosa Parks | On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks, age 42, refused to obey bus driver James Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger |
| Suburbs | The areas on the fringes of cities, US suburbs increased after WWII |
| William Levitt | an American real-estate developer widely credited as the father of modern American suburbia |
| Bay of Pigs | was an unsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from US government armed forces, to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro |
| Covert Action | ilitary, intelligence or law enforcement operation that is carried clandestinely and, often, outside of official channels |
| Hungarian Revolt 1956 | spontaneous nationwide revolt against the Stalinist government of the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956 |
| JFK’s Death Conspiracy Theories | Cuban President Fidel Castro, the anti-Castro Cuban community, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, the Mafia, the FBI), the (CIA), E. Howard Hunt, and the Eastern Bloc or perhaps some combination of these |
| Massive Retaliation | a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack. |
| Operation PB Success | a covert operation organized by the United States Central Intelligence Agency to overthrow Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, the democratically-elected President of Guatemala. CIA’s template for furture operations |
| Peace Corps | an organization sponsored by the U.S. government that sends young people to work as volunteers in developing countries. March 1,1961 |
| U-2 Spy Plane Incident | May 1 1960 USSR produced its remains and the pilot Francis Gary Powers Coming just over a fort night before the scheduled opening of an East-West summit in Paris the embarrassment to the US led to the marked decline in its relations with the USSR |
| Agent Orange | a defoliant chemical used by the U.S. in the Vietnam War. 4.8 million Vietnamese people were exposed to Agent Orange, resulting in 400,000 deaths and disabilities, and 500,000 children born with birth defects Affected US troops as well |
| Anti LBJ Chant | Hey, Hey LBJ, How many kids did you kill today? |
| Background to Vietnam War | The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment |
| Ho Chi Minh-(1890–1969) | Vietnamese communist statesman; president of North Vietnam 1954–69 |
| Ho Chi Minh Trail | a covert system of trails along Vietnam's western frontier, a major supply route for North Vietnamese forces during the Vietnam War |
| Kent State Anti War Demonstration | The shooting of unarmed college students by members of the Ohio National Guard on Monday May 4 1970 The guardsmen shot 67 rounds in 13 seconds, 4 dead - 9 wounded Some of the students who were shot had been protesting against the US invasion of Cambodia |
| Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Incident August 2, 1964 | 2 US destroyers engaged 3 North Vietnamese torpedo boats which sunk one of the torpedo boats |
| LBJ and post Gulf of Tonkin Incident | Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which granted LBJ the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country that was jeopardized by"communist aggression"The resolution was LBJ's legal justification for escalating US involvement in the Vietnam War |
| Lessons for Future Presidents | When the president is asked to consider going to war, he must be presented, above all, with an analysis of the global strategic situation on which the recommendation is based. |
| Lessons for Future Presidents | The purpose of war is victory. Stalemate is a last resort, not a desirable strategic objective. |
| Lessons for Future President | Victory needs to be defined as an outcome achievable in a time period sustainable by American public opinion. There has to be presented to the president a sustainable diplomatic framework. |
| Lessons for Future Presidents | Authority for diplomacy and strategy must be clearly assigned. Diplomacy and strategy must be treated as a whole, not as successive phases of policy. |
| Lessons for Future Presidents | The administration as well as critics should conduct their debates with the restraint imposed by the knowledge that the unity of our society has been the hope of the world. |
| Richard Nixon | January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994 was the 37th President of the United States from 1969–1974 and was also the 36th Vice President of the United States 1953–1961 |
| Silent Majority | referred to those Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time, who did not join in the counterculture, and who did not enthusiastically participate in public discourse or the media |
| The Fall of Saigon | was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the North Vietnamese Army on April 30, 1975. The event marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period leading to the formal reunification of Vietnam under communist rule |
| The Tet Offensive | a military campaign during the Vietnam War that began on January 31 1968 Forces of the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam Viet Cong fought against the forces of the Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam the United States and their allies |
| Viet Cong | a member of the communist guerrilla movement in Vietnam that fought the South Vietnamese government forces 1954–75 with the support of the North Vietnamese army and opposed the South Vietnamese and U.S. forces in the Vietnam War |
| Vietnamization | Nixon’s policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam |
| 24th Amendment | prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax |
| Black Panthers | a member of a militant political organization set up in the U.S. in 1966 to fight for black rights |
| Black Power | movement in support of rights and political power for black people, esp. prominent in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s |
| Children’s March | was the name bestowed upon a march by hundreds of school students in Birmingham, Alabama, on May 2 and May 3, 1963 Many children left their schools in order to be arrested, set free, and then to get arrested again the next day |
| Freedom Riders | Civil Rights activists who rode on interstate buses into the segregated southern US to test the US Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia (of 1960). The first Freedom Ride left D.C on May 4, 1961, and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17 |
| Malcolm X | He joined the Nation of Islam in 1946 and became a vigorous campaigner for black rights, initially advocating the use of violence. In 1964, he converted to orthodox Islam and moderated his views on black separatism; he was assassinated the following year |
| SCLC | The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an American civil rights organization. SCLC was closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The SCLC had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement |
| Selma, Montgomery Marches March 7 1965 Bloody Sunday | 600 civil rights marchers were attacked by state and local police with billy clubs and tear gas The second march took place on March 9 Only the third march which began on March 21 and lasted five days made it to Montgomery 54 miles 87 km away |
| University of Mississippi | ames Meredith won a lawsuit giving him the right to attend the university. He was the first African-American student at the University of Mississippi, an event that was a flash point in the American civil rights movement |
| Woolworth’s Sit-in February 1, 1960, Greensboro, North Carolina, Woolworth's store | 4 African American students sat at a segregated lunch counter in the Woolworth's store They were aware that Woolworth’s would not serve blacks at their lunch counter but they sat down anyway they had been discussing for a month prior to the sit-in |
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