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chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hearths | area or place where an idea, innovation, or technology originates. |
| agriculture | purposefully growing crops and raising livestock to produce food (for humans), feed (for livestock), and fiber (for textiles) |
| first agriculture revolution | the transformation of societies from hunting and gathering to purposeful raising of food, feed, and fiber |
| fertile crescent | region in Mesopotamia and Anatolia where agriculture began |
| subsistence agriculture | self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade |
| shifting cultivation | agricultural practice based on clearing and farming land for a time before moving on to a new parcel and allowing the first to fill in with native vegetation |
| monoculture | dependence on production of a single agricultural commodity |
| second agricultural revolution | a cluster of advances in breeding livestock, agricultural technology, and seed production to increase food, feed, and livestock production that took place in Europe in the 1700s and 1800s |
| columbian exchange | movement of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas among Africa, Europe, and the Americas across the Atlantic |
| unequal exchange | uneven relationship between low labor costs and high-value products |
| green revolution | intensified agriculture that uses engineered seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation to increase intensive agricultural practices |
| third agricultural revolution | because of the fundamental ways biotechnology has changed agriculture, the Green Revolution is also called the Third Agricultural Revolution |
| cadastral system | method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined |
| township and range system | land survey system that divides Earth into square parcels called townships (6 miles by 6 miles), each of which has 36 sections (1 mile by 1 mile) |
| metes and bounds system | land survey system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees |
| long lot survey | land survey system that divides Earth into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals |
| primogeniture | land ownership inheritance practice where land is passed down to the eldest son |
| perishable | agricultural products that are susceptible to spoiling in transit |
| von thunen model | model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a spatial pattern of rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining where a crop or good is produced in reference to the market |
| cold chain | system of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe and ripening it by controlling temperature from the fields to the grocery store |
| plantation agriculture | production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation, and organized to produce a cash crop |
| bid rent theory | the premise that the price and demand for land will go up the closer it is to the central city |
| intensive agricultural processes | production of agricultural goods using fertilizers, insecticides, and high-cost inputs to achieve the highest yields possible |
| indoor vertical farms | factories where produce is grown hydroponically without soil |
| extensive agricultural practices | production of agricultural goods primarily by hand with low use of fertilizers and high use of human labor |
| organic agriculture | approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs |
| ethanol | renewable fuel made from plat materials called biomass |
| biodiesel | renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease |
| hunger | living on less than the daily recommended 2100 calories the average person needs to live a healthy life |
| agency | the belief an individual has in their ability to affect change in their life |
| vulnerability | probability of destruction of life or property from a hazard or crisis |
| malnutrition | undernutrition, inadequate vitamins, or obesity resulting from diet |
| food desert | area characterized by a lack of availability of affordable, fresh, and nutritious food |
| urban agriculture | cultivating land or raising livestock in small plots in cities, generally on converted brownfields or on rooftops |
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pl238812
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