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Chapter 11
Human Geography
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hearths | areas of innovation |
| Agriculture | purposefully growing crops and raising livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber. |
| First Agricultural Revolution | The transformation of societies from hunting and gathering to purposeful raising of food, feed, and fiber. |
| Fertile Crescent | Region in Mesopotamia and Anatolia where agriculture began. |
| Subsistence agriculture | Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade. |
| Shifting cultivation | the process of clearing and burning a plot of land, farming it for 2 to 10 years, and then moving on to a new field while leaving the plot to regenerate. |
| Monoculture | dependence on production of a single agricultural commodity |
| Second agricultural revolution | A cluster of advances in breeding livestock, agricultural technology, and seed production to increase food, feed, and livestock production that took place in Europe in the 1700s and 1800s. |
| Colombian exchange | the movement of goods, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas across the Atlantic Ocean that began with Spanish and Portuguese exploration in the late fifteenth century. |
| Unequal exchange | the idea that global trade is set up to structurally benefit some more than others, creating an unevenness in wealth in the capitalist world economy. |
| Green revolution | the use of biotechnology to create disease-resistant, fast-growing, high-yield seeds, as well as fertilizers and pesticides, and the result has been a large increase in crop production, especially in staple crops like rice, corn, and wheat. |
| Third agricultural revolution | Because of the fundamental ways biotechnology has changed agriculture, the Green Revolution is also called the Third Agricultural Revolution. |
| Cadastral system | the method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined. |
| Township and range system | Land survey system that divides Earth into square parcels called townships (6 miles by 6 miles), each of which has 36 sections (1 mile by 1 mile). Commonly found west of the Appalachian Mountains. |
| Metes and Bounds system | Land survey system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Commonly found on the east coast of the United States. |
| Long-lot survey | Land survey system that divides Earth into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. Commonly found in France or places of French settlement, including Quebec and Louisiana. |
| Primogeniture | land ownership inheritance practice where land is passed down to the eldest son. |
| Perishable | susceptible to spoiling in transit. |
| Von Thunen Model | A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a spatial pattern of rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining where a crop or good is produced in reference to the market. |
| Cold chain | System of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe and ripening it by controlling temperature from the fields to the grocery store. |
| Plantation agriculture | Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation, and organized to produce a cash crop. |
| Bid Rent Theory | holds that the price and demand for land will go up the closer it is to the central city. |
| Intensive agricultural processes | Production of agricultural goods using fertilizers, insecticides, and high-cost inputs to achieve the highest yields possible. |
| Indoor vertical farms | Factories where produce is grown hydroponically without soil. |
| Extensive agricultural practices | Production of agricultural goods primarily by hand with low use of fertilizers and high use of human labor. |
| Organic agriculture | the production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers, |
| Ethanol | renewable fuel made from plant materials called biomass. |
| Biodiesel | renewable fuel, and it is made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease. |
| Hunger | living on less than the daily recommended 2100 calories the average person needs to live a healthy life. |
| Agency | the capacity to make independent choices and act intentionally to affect change, to combat the poverty and the political and social issues at the root of undernutrition and famine. |
| Vulnerability | Probability of destruction of life or property from a hazard or crisis. |
| Malnutrition | Undernutrition, inadequate vitamins, or obesity resulting from diet. |
| Food Desert | a small region or area with limited access to fresh, nutrient-rich foods. |
| Urban agriculture | Cultivating land or raising livestock in small plots in cities, generally on converted brownfields or on rooftops. |
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kayla.giset
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