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Chapter 11 Vocab

Evan Seifer's Chapter 11 vocab - Roisman

QuestionAnswer
Hearths Area or place where an idea, innovation, or technology originates
Agriculture Purposefully growing crops and raising livestock to produce food (for humans), feed (for livestock), and fiber (for textiles)
First Agricultural Revolution The transformation of societies from hunting and gathering to purposeful raising of food, feed, and fiber
Fertile Crescent Region in Mesopotamia and Anatolia where agriculture began
Subsistence agriculture Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade
Shifting cultivation Agricultural practice based on clearing and farming land for a time before moving on to a new parcel and allowing the first to fill in with native vegetation
Monoculture dependence on production of a single agricultural commodity
Second Agricultural Revolution A cluster of advances in breeding livestock, agricultural technology, and seed production to increase food, feed, and livestock production that took place in Europe in the 1700s and 1800s
Columbian Exchange Movement of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas among Africa, Europe, and the Americas across the Atlantic
Unequal exchange Uneven relationship between low labor costs and high-value products
Green Revolution Intensified agriculture that uses engineered seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation to increase intensive agricultural practices
Third Agricultural Revolution Using science to help agriculture. Also known as "Green Revolution"
Cadastral System Method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined
Township and Range System Land survey system that divides Earth into square parcels called townships (6 miles by 6 miles), each of which has 36 sections (1 mile by 1 mile). Commonly found west of the Appalachian Mountains
Metes and Bounds System Land survey system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Commonly found on the east coast of the United States
Long-Lot Survey Land survey system that divides Earth into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. Commonly found in France or places of French settlement, including Quebec and Louisiana
Primogeniture land ownership inheritance practice where land is passed down to the eldest son
Perishable Agricultural products that are susceptible to spoiling in transit
Von Thunen Model A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a spatial pattern of rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining where a crop or good is produced in reference to the market
Cold chain System of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe and ripening it by controlling temperature from the fields to the grocery store
Plantation agriculture Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation, and organized to produce a cash crop
Bid Rent Theory The premise that the price and demand for land will go up the closer it is to the central city
Intensive Agricultural Processes Production of agricultural goods using fertilizers, insecticides, and high-cost inputs to achieve the highest yields possible
Indoor Vertical Farms Factories where produce is grown hydroponically without soil
Extensive Agricultural Practices Production of agricultural goods primarily by hand with low use of fertilizers and high use of human labor
Organic Agriculture Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs
Ethanol Renewable fuel made from plant materials called biomass
Biodiesel Renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease
Hunger Living on less than the daily recommended 2100 calories the average person needs to live a healthy life
Agency The belief an individual has in their ability to affect change in their life
Vulnerability Probability of destruction of life or property from a hazard or crisis
Malnutrition Undernutrition, inadequate vitamins, or obesity resulting from diet
Food Desert Area characterized by a lack of availability of affordable, fresh, and nutritious food
Urban agriculture Cultivating land or raising livestock in small plots in cities, generally on converted brownfields or on rooftops
Created by: Evan Seifer
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