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Chapter 11 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hearths | Area or place where an idea, innovation, or technology originates. |
| Agriculture | Purposefully growing crops and raising livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber. |
| First Agricultural Revolution | The transition from hunting and gathering to purposefully farming. |
| Fertile Crescent | The first hearth for plant cultivation; includes the lands between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq and extends west to Syria. |
| Subsistence Agriculture | Growing only enough food to survive; self-sufficient agriculture. |
| Shifting cultivation | The process of clearing and burning a plot of land, farming it for 2-10 years, and then moving on to a new field and leaving the old plot to regenerate. |
| Monoculture | Dependence on production of a single agricultural commodity; more taxing on the soil. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | A cluster of advances in breeding livestock, agricultural technology, and seed production to increase food, feed, and livestock production that took place in Europe in the 17-1800s. |
| Columbian Exchange | The movement of goods, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas across the Atlantic Ocean that began with Spanish/Portuguese exploration in the late 15th century. |
| Unequal Exchange | The idea that global trade is set up to structurally benefit some more than others, creating an unevenness in wealth in the capitalist world economy. |
| Green Revolution | The use of biotechnology to create disease-resistant, fast-growing, high-yield seeds, as well as fertilizers and pesticides, resulting in a large increase in crop production. |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | Another name for the Green Revolution. Began in North America in the 1930’s, when agricultural scientists in the Midwest experimented with manipulated seed varieties to increase crop yields. |
| Cadastral System | Method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined. |
| Township and Range system | Land survey system that divides Earth into square parcels called townships (6x6m) each of which has 36 sections (1x1m). Commonly found west of the Appalachian Mountains. |
| Metes and Bounds system | Land survey system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Commonly found on the East Coast of the United States. |
| Long-Lot survey | Divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. Found in France or places of French settlement (Quebec, Louisiana) |
| Primogeniture | Land ownership inheritance practice where all land passes to the eldest son. |
| Perishable | Agricultural goods susceptible to spoiling in transmit. |
| Von Thunen model | The first effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity. Closest to a town agriculture would be perishable + expensive goods. After that comes bulkier crops and less perishable. After that is livestock. |
| Cold Chain | A system of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe and ripening it by controlling temperature from the fields to the grocery store. |
| Plantation agriculture | Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation, and organized to produce a cash crop. |
| Bid Rent Theory | Holds that the price and demand for land will go up the closer it is to the central city. |
| Intensive agricultural processes | Production of agricultural goods using fertilizers, insecticides, and high-cost inputs to achieve the highest yields possible. |
| Indoor vertical farms | Factories where produce is grown hydroponically without soil. |
| Extensive agricultural practices | Production of agricultural goods primarily by hand and low use of fertilizers and high use of human labor. |
| organic architecture | The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers (Growing globally) |
| Ethanol | A renewable fuel made from plant materials called biomass. Added to about 98% of all gasoline sold in the United States. |
| biodiesel | Renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease. Used in warmer climates because it freezes/crystallizes in cold weather. |
| Hunger | Defined by the UN world food program as living on less than the daily recommended 2100 calories that average person needs to live a healthy life. |
| Agency | The capacity to make independent choices and act intentionally to affect change. |
| Vulnerability | Probability of destruction of life/property from a hazard or crisis. |
| Malnutrition | Has several forms, like undernutrition, inadequate vitamins or minerals, overweight, obesity, and resulting diet-based noncommunicable diseases. |
| Food Desert | A small region or area with limited access to fresh, nutrient-rich foods. |
| Urban Agriculture | Cultivating land or raising livestock in small plots in cities, generally on converted brownfields or on rooftops. |
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