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Chapter 11
AP human geography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hearths | Area or place where an idea, innovation, or technology originates |
| agriculture | Purposefully growing crops and raising livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber |
| First agricultural revolution | The transformation of societies from hunting and gathering to purposeful raising of food, feed, and fiber |
| Fertile Crescent | Region in Mesopotamia and Anatolia where agriculture began |
| Subsistence Agriculture | Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade |
| Shifting cultivation | Agricultural practice based on clearing and farming land for a time before moving on to a new parcel and allowing the first to fill in with native vegetation |
| monoculture | dependence on production of a single agricultural commodity |
| Columbian exchange | Movement of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas among Africa, Europe, and the Americas across the Atlantic |
| Unequal exchange | Uneven relationship between low labor costs and high value products |
| Green revolution | Intensified agriculture that uses engineered seeds, fertilizes, and irrigation to increase intensive agricultural practices |
| third agricultural revolution | Intensified agriculture that uses engineered seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation to increase intensive agricultural practices. |
| Cadastral system | method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined |
| Township and Range system | Land survey system that divides Earth into square parcels called townships, each of which has 36 sections. Commonly found west of the Appalachian mountains |
| Metes and Bounds system | Land survey system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Commonly found on the east coast of the United States |
| long-lot survey | Land survey system that divides Earth into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. Commonly found in France or places of French settlement, including Quebec and Louisiana |
| primogeniture | Land ownership inheritance practice where land is passed down to the eldest son |
| perishable | agricultural products that are susceptible to spoiling in transit |
| Von Thunen model | a model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a spatial patter of rings around a central market city, with profit earning capability the determining where a crop or good is produced in reference to the market |
| Cold chain | System of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe and ripening it by controlling temperature from the fields to the grocery store |
| Plantation agriculture | production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation, and organized to produce a cash crop |
| Bid rent theory | The premise that the price and demand for land will go up the closer it is to the central city |
| Intensive agricultural processes | Production of agricultural goods using fertilizers, insecticides, and high cost inputs to achieve the highest yields possible |
| Indoor vertical farms | Factories where produce is grown hydroponically without soil |
| Extensive agricultural processes | Production of agricultural goods primarily by hand with low use of fertilizers and high use of human labor |
| organic agriculture | Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs |
| ethanol | Renewable fuel made from plat materials called biomass |
| biodiesel | renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease |
| hunger | Living on less than the daily recommended 2100 calories the average person needs to live a healthy life |
| agency | the belief an individual has in their ability to affect change in their life |
| vulnerability | probability of destruction of life or property from a hazard or crisis |
| malnutrition | undernutrition, inadequate vitamins, or obesity resulting from diet |
| food desert | Area characterized by a lack of availability of affordable, fresh, and nutritious food |
| urban agriculture | cultivating land or raising livestock in small plots in cities, generally on converted brownfields or on rooftops |
| Second agricultural revolution | A cluster of advances in breeding livestock, agricultural technology, and seed production to increase food, feed, and livestock production that took place in Europe in 1700s and 1800s |
Created by:
Pl251151
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