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wgu hcc1
history, civics and economics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Freedom of religion in Baltimore to anyone professing to believe in Jesus Christ | Toleration Act |
| Explorer; 1492; Ship names Pinta Nina and Santa Maria; Queen Isabella of Spain gave him the ships | Christopher Columbus |
| Landed in Mexico- Over ran the Aztecs | Hernan Cortes |
| 1494 treaty that divided land between Spain and Portugal | Treaty of Tordesillas |
| 1607 Chesapeake Bay, Virginia Area | Jamestown |
| Lack of food, Indian attacks, disease, concentrated on looking for gold | Reasons Jamestown Failed |
| Leader; tried to get Jamestown up and running | John Smith |
| Upset with the church of England and King James-left England. Leaders-William Brewster, Jon Robinson and William Bradford | Puritans |
| founded Rhode Island in 1636 | Roger Williams |
| Quaker-founded Pennsylvania | William Penn |
| Virginian colonists were given two headrights of 50 acres each, immigrant colonists who paid for their passage were given one headright and individuals would receive one headright each time they paid for the passage of another individual. | Headright System |
| Increased dicision between wealthy land owners and working poor | Consequence of Headright System |
| "Pot is set to boil" | John Adams (Sons of Liberty) |
| State has equal representation chosen by state leg | Senate |
| 1787-Legislation would be Bicameral=two houses | The Great Compromise |
| Based on population in state. Elected by the people | House of Representatives |
| Senators now elected by the people | 17th ammendment |
| No Free man shall be taken prisoner or destroyed-without lawful judgement of peers or by law of land. To none will we deny justice | Magna Carta |
| Approves or vetos bills | Executive Branch |
| Makes Treaties | Executive Branch |
| Grants pardons and reprieves | Executive Branch |
| Enforces laws | Executive Branch |
| comissions officers to armed forces | Executive Branch |
| Commander and Chief of armed forces | Executive Branch |
| Head of State | Executive Branch |
| Appoints or removes cabinet members | Executive Branch |
| Divided into two houses (Senate and House of Representives) | Congress |
| Congress | Legislative Branch |
| can coin Money | Legislative Branch |
| can maintain a military | Legislative Branch |
| can declare war on other countries | Legislative Branch |
| Regulates interstate and foreign commerce | Legislative Branch |
| part of Legislative Branch that has the power to impeach | House of Representatives |
| 2-year terms | House of Representatives |
| 6 year terms | Senate |
| part of Legislative Branch that has to power to remove an offical from office | Senate |
| Supreme Court | Judicial Branch |
| Judicial powers of the government | Supreme Court |
| Federal Court | Judicial Branch |
| Lower than Supreme Court-not created in the constitution | Federal Court |
| Courts decide arguments about the meaning of laws, how they are applied and whether they violate the constitution | Judicial Review |
| Interprets laws | Judicial Branch |
| Interpret the Constitution | Judicial Branch |
| Judges have lifetime appointments | Supreme Court |
| Group of electors selected by voters in each state | Electoral College |
| Farmers wanted to incorporate systems within the government that would protect people and keep it from becoming a monarchy | Reason for Electoral College |
| Wanted dirent elections for President and Vice President | Federalist party |
| Opposed direct elections- feared general population lacked ability to choose best candidate | Anti-Federalist party |
| Were against election by Congress-Feared Government would have too much power | Anti-Federalist Party |
| the belief that the United States had a divinely inspired mission to expand spreading democracy and freedom | Manifest Destiny |
| made it provitable to raise small stemmed cotton all over south, not just the coastline | Cotton Gin |
| Caused price of slavery to rise | Invention of the Cotton Gin |
| New England religious leader sait it was wrong; Abolition movement | Slavery |
| Before signing the Constitution, the North and South over looked differences about it | Slavery |
| Missouri applied for statehood-Southern Congressmen wanted it to be a slave state | Missouri Compromise |
| said Missouri could be a slave state but the rest of the Louisiana Purchase was to be free | Compromise of 1820 |
| This idea gave each territory the power to decide for self--each state tried to get their way with force | Popular Sovereignty--Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 |
| not enforced until 1850 Compromise | Fugitive Slave Laws |
| Black slave lived with master in Missouri (slave state)was taken to Wisconsin (free state)taken back to Missouri,master died.Sued to be free because he lived in a free state. Supreme court ruled against Scott saying Missouri Compromise unconstitutional | Dred Scott Decision- 1857 |
| 1932-permitted federal reserve banks to accept wider variety of commercial paper as security for loans. | Banking Act |
| minimum wage/maximum wage hours/rights to organize and bargain/business codes | National Recovery Administration |
| Tennessee River flowed through seven states, dams, power plants,transmission lines, flood control, soil conservation, improved standard of living for millions | Tennessee Valley Authority |
| Increased Federal Bureaucracy; increased Federal Government into daily lives; electricity for most rural farms and homes | The New Deal |
| The Germans sank the Lusitanias-a British liner-128 Americans lost life | Led to WWI |
| After Germans sank Lusitanias, Woodrow Wilson demanded that the Germans stop and apologize | The Sussex Pledge to stop sinking merchant ships without warning |
| Torpedoed Housatonic; cunard liner torpedoed in Laconia killing two American women; torpedoed Vigilancia | When Germans decided to go back on Sussex Pledge |
| Peace settlement that ended WWI | Treaty of Versailes |
| Senate wanted American Sovereignty preserved at all costs | League of Nations |
| the scene in of battle in France between Americans and Germans (2300 Americans died and buried there) | Aisne-Marne |
| Black leader supported the war effort | W.E.B. Du Bois |
| written by Woodrow Wilson when W.E.B. Du Bois supported the war effort. Said to put way differences and fight for democracy | The Crisis |
| First 10 Amendments (1790) | Bill of Rights |
| speech, press assembly, religion, petition government (5 freedoms) | 1st amendment |
| no self-incrimination, jury trial, no double jeopardy, due process, sell property for money | 5th amendment |
| The year the Republican and Federalist party formed | 1791 |
| (1792) runaway slaves myst be returned to owners | Fugitive Slave Act |
| Missouri entered as a slave state-Maine as a free state. Slavery prohibited in the rest of Lousiana Purchase | Missouri Compromise |
| admitted as a free state abolition of slave trade | California |
| Fugitive slave act ammended enforcing penalties with regard to runaways | Compromise of 1850 |
| repeals Missouri Compromise-slaves allowed-popular sovereignty | Kansas-Nebraska Act |
| territorial expansion(compromise 1850), fugitive slave act, Kansas Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case | Events that fueled the pre civil war conflict over slavery |
| all slaves in areas rebellion against US shall be forever free | Emancipation Proclimation |
| Equal Protection;due process | 14th amendment |
| Seperate but equal-UPHELD seperate | Plessy v. Ferguson |
| Federal Income Tax | 16th amendment |
| Direct Election of Senators | 17th amendment |
| Germany, Austria/Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire | WWI Central powers |
| Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Italy, Belguim, Montenegro, Japan and later the US | WWI Allied Powers |
| 1917- WIB War Industries Board set up to oversee all aspects of industrial production and Distribution | US Declares war in WWI |
| 1918 | Armistice ends WWI |
| Started when the heir to the throne of Austria was murdered. US tried to remain neutral; Germany bombed Lusitanian. When Germans refused to stop sinking ships, US declared war. Balanced tipped when US joined | WWI |
| Germany made large concessions to allies and had to pay large penalties | Treaty of Versailes |
| 1920- womens right to vote | 19th amendment |
| WWI caused economic imbalance; the rich got richer and the poor could not afford to buy goods | Great Depression |
| ended prohibition | 21st amendment |
| Primary purpose was to boost business growth and assist people | The New Deal |
| Forbids the sale of munitions to enemies of the US | Neutrality Act |
| WWII begins (US favors isolation) | 1939 |
| Great Britain and France declare war on Germany | WWII |
| sale of arms they must pay and come and get them to prevent accrual of debt from foreign countries | Cash and Carry |
| Japan alligned with Germany and Italy | WWII |
| Japanese attack Pearl Harbor (1941) | US declares war on Japan |
| $400 million in military aide to Greece and Turkey to keep communism away (1947) | Truman Doctrine |
| Plan to rebuild Europe (1947) | Marshall Plan |
| Russia in retaliation to US involvement in Cuba placed nuclear missiles in cuba. US blocked Russian ships from entering Cuba and demanded the missiles be removed. Treaty signed outlawing nuclear testing in the atmosphere | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Abolition of poll tax in federal elections | 24th amendment |
| Mexican Immigrant who fought for equal pay for migrant workers (1970) | Ceasar Chevez |
| Formed National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) later changed to United Farm Workers (UFW) | Ceasar Chevez |
| Lead strike of California grape pickers to demand higher wages | Ceasar Chevez |
| has sole right to organize field workers | United Farm Workers |
| organizes strikes and boycotts to get higher wages from grape and lettuce growers | United Farm Workers |
| (1980's) led strike to protest pesticides on grapes | Ceasar Chevez |
| Right to vote for persons eighteen and older (1971) | 27th amendment |
| Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) | Opened doors in China (1972) |
| Allows for greater representation of the people | American two party system |
| Spanish explorer | Columbus |
| Roe v. Wade | Women's rights to early term abortion |
| Judicial Review-the authority to declare laws or actions of government officials unconstitutional. | Marbury v. Madison |
| Court overturned separate but equal (1954) | Brown v. Board of Education |
| Government must use fair and just procedures when prosecuting a criminal defendant | Due Process |
| Need a powerful central government because central government rather than states should control taxes and tariffs | Federalist |
| Country needs an effective executive branch | Federalist |
| nation needs central controls for economic and financial growth | Federalist |
| needs national military to defend county | Federalist |
| need national judiciary to avoid chaos | Federalist |
| States should be subordinate | Federalist |
| said that a strong central government would overwhelm the states and curtail individual freedoms | Anti-Federalist |
| Felt they owed allegiance to states | Anti-Federalist |
| Feared Presidency would become a monarchy or Congress and aristocracy | Anti-Federalist |
| Loose association of colleagues among the states | Articles of Confederation |
| Used to oppress Native Americans by Spanish-Conquistadors who were granted trusteeship over indigenous people.Known as encomiendas and they seized the land, increased taxes and forced Native Americans into slavery | Encomienda |
| Document that threatened to enslave Native Americans if Spanish demands were not met | Requerimeinto |
| Used to describe Spanish oppression of Native Americans | Black Legend |
| Resulted from the persecution of the Puritans in the 1630's | The Great Migration |
| First governor of the Puritan colony in Cape Cod | William Bradford |
| Mass., Rhode Island, Conn., Bay colony (New England) | Puritan settlement |
| Asserted British government right to impose taxes | Declaratory Act |
| At the end of the Mexican War in 1848 the US acquired the territory that now comprises of New Mexico, Arizona, California and parts of Colorado, Utah and Nevada. Mexico also formally acknowledged that Texas was part of the US | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
| Industrial economy-opposed slavery | North |
| Agricultural economy-relied on slavery | South |
| Abolitionists wanted to revamp southern society to destroy any trace of the old slave holding culture. It was completed in 1877 and the former members of the Confederate States of America enjoined unfettered control of their own states | Reconstruction of the South |
| surged because of the need for labor, industrial expansion demanded it. | Immigration to the US |
| Decided to risk the gamble of its great offensive in 1918 partially because it needed to act before the full force of the US could reach full power in Europe. The allies defeated. Germany was left without the will or resources to continue the struggle | Germany WWI |
| US worked to aide England and France with air materials | WWII |
| No term limits. Elected every 2 years. Membership could be changed entirely in one election | House of Representatives |
| Only 1/3 is up for re election every 2 years | Senate |
| Insisted on having the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution | Anti-Federalists |
| (Ohio and Mississippi Valley)created huge ceremonial mounds where they buried family and local elites. | Adena and Hopewell Peoples |
| The gradual shift from hunting and gathering to cultivating basic food crops that occurred world wide form 7000-9000 | Agricultural Revolution |
| (Present Day New Mexico) created a network of irrigation canals; constructed a transportation system | Anasazi Culture |
| Built vast cities;formed government bureaucracies;developed hieroglyphics and an accurate calendar. | Mayan and Toltec of Central Mexico |
| aggressive; ruled by force; conquered great cities in the valley of Mexico; human sacrifice; believed that the blood of their victims possessed extraordinary healing powers | Aztecs |
| supplemented farming with hunting and gathering;Atlantic coast area; lived off of land best they could;winter forced families to disperse | Eastern Woodland Culture |
| Most determined their place in society through kinship | Native Americans |
| The exchange of plants,animals, culture and disease between Europe and America throughout the era of exploration. Native Americans lacked natural immunity to many common European diseases and when exposed, died by the millions | Colombian Exchange |
| Communicated with Europeans through sign language | Native Americans |
| Europeans concluded that they held them in high regards and often viewed them as Gods | Native Americans |
| The death of so many Native Americans decrease the supply of indigenous laborers | Reason for the emergence of slavery |
| rich in political, religious and cultural diversity | Sub Saharan West Africa |
| The major West African States when Europeans arrived | Mali, Benin and Kongo |
| First to reach West African coast by sail. They were searching for gold and slaves | Portugal |
| Required Europeans to pay tolls and other fees and restricted the foreign traders to conducting their business in small forts or castles located at the mouths of the major rivers. | West Africa |
| Strong armies and deadly diseases prevented the Europeans from moving into the interior regions | West Africa |
| America was an extension of Africa rather than Europe until in the late 19th century | Result of Slavery |
| 16th century Spanish Adventurers often of noble birth, who subdued the Native Americans and created the Spanish Empire in the New World | Conquistadors |
| 16th century religious movement to reform and challenge the spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church, associated with figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin | Protestant Reformation |
| England's first colony | Ireland |
| Her subjects took the first halting steps toward colonizing the New World | Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603) |
| Founded Roanoke Virginia | Sir Walter Raleigh |
| Replacement of James II by William and Mary ans English Monarchs in 1688, making the beginning of constitutional monarchy in Britain. American colonists celebrated this moment as victory for the rule of law over despotism | The Glorious Revolution |
| Virginia and Maryland | Chesapeake colony |
| Business Enterprise that enabled investors to pool money for commercial trading activity and funding for sustaining colonies | Joint Stock Company |
| An elective representative assembly in colonial Virginia. It was the first example of representative government in English colonies | House of Burgess |
| Individuals who contracted to serve a master for a set number of years in exchange for the cost of boat transportation to America. The dominant for of labor in Chesapeake colonies before slavery | Indentured Servants |
| Catholics seized control from Protestants; Charles I named Maryland after the Queen | 1655 |
| Member of reformed Protestant sect in Europe and America that insisted on remaining vestiges of Catholicism from popular religious practice | Puritan |
| 1648; first alphabetized code of law printed in English (Massachusetts Bay). The code clearly stated the colonist's rights and responsibilities as citizen of the commonwealth. | Laws of Liberties |
| It engendered the public trust in government and discouraged magistrates from the arbitrary exercise of authroity | Laws of Liberties |
| Drew people of highly independent of mind. The colony's broad toleration attracted many men and women who held orthodox religious beliefs | Rhode Island |
| members of a radical religious group formally known as Society of Friends, that rejected formal theology and stressed each person's "inner light", a spiritual guide to righteousness | Quakers |
| New Framework of government that established a unicameral, or one house, legislative and gave the representatives the right to initiate Legislation. Also provided for the political separation of the three lower colonies. | Charter of Liberties |
| Wealthy planters relied on laborers who were not free as well as slaves | Chesapeake Colony |
| First landed in Virginia in 1619 | African slaves |
| In the mid 18th century, they were a political faction that dominated parliament. They opposed to royal influence in government and wanted to increase the control and influence of Parliament. | Whigs |
| Principle that emphasized the power of parliament to govern colonial affairs as the preeminent authority | Parliamentary Sovereignty |
| Specifically designed to generate revenue. (Sugar Act) It instituted tougher collection methods and expanded the jurisdiction of the vice-admiralty courts | Revenue Act of 1764 |
| Also known as the intolerable acts, the 4 pieces of Legislation passed by Parliament in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party that were meant to punish the colonies. | Coercive Acts |
| Very important for Catholics. Americans felt their rights to settle in the region were being denied | Quebec Act |
| Feb 6, 1778- Presented by the French to America. Established Commercial Relations between France and the United States. Tactfully accepted the existence of a new independent republic | Treaty of Amity and Commerce |
| England realized that the French Navy posed a serious challenge to the over extended British Fleet. What had become a colonial rebellion suddenly became a world conflict, a continuation of the great wars for empire of the late 17th century | French Revolution |
| Tecumseh (Shawnee leader) fought to keep land for Indians. America won. | War of 1812 |
| an industrial economy | Jefferson America |
| His political moderation helped hasten the demise of the Federalist party | Jefferson |
| Southern small land holders who owned no slaves and who lived primarily in the foothills of Appalachian and Ozark Mountains. These farmers were self reliant and grew mixed crops, | Yeoman |
| Organized in 1848, this 3rd party proposed to exclude slavery from federal territories and nominated former president Van Buren in the election year. Most became Republicans | Free Soil Party |
| Opposed to the expansion of slavery into the western territories | Republican Party |
| 1793 invaded the National convention during the French Revolution, drove out Girondists and gave the mountain complete control | Sans-Culottes |
| They combined moral reform, religious fervor and a vision of egalitarian society-Revolt against China's Manchu Dynasty. Inspired by quasi Christian ideas- they took advantage of the weakened dynasty | Taiping Rebellion |
| The ideological and geographical struggle between the United States and its allies that began after WWII and lasted until the dissolution of the USSR in 1989 | The Cold War |
| Basic difference in ideology; Soviet Unions attempt to extend its control westward in to Europe and South into the Middle East; Britain's role to restrain Russia, but Britain's power waned; America Britain because they were more powerful | Causes of Cold War |
| To replace all multiparty governments behind the Iron Curtain with thoroughly Communist regimes under his control | Stalin's response to the Marshall Plan |
| Organized Communist Information Bureau dedicated to spreading revolutionary communism throughout the world | Stalin |
| Mao was disappointed with the results of collectivization in Russia. He created huge communes by using village based collective farms. Was a huge failure-resulted in famine and death | China's Great Leap Forward |
| Used tariffs to shield its markets while making use of cheap labor to flood foreign markets with goods and build up its currency reserves | Factors that fueled China's economic growth |
| Farmers tied to their collective or village; Cities were closed to those without resident permits; City dwellers (members of units) were provided with jobs, housing and such | China under Mao's control |
| Controls loosened; police less active; censorship reduced; units were diminished; the market economy placed a premium on individual decisions and initiatives | China under Deng's control |
| (Truman) Outlawed specific union practices and it permitted the president to invoke an eighty-day cooling off period to delay strikes that might endanger national health or safety | Taft-Hartley Act |
| Asserted the principle that government was responsible for the state of the economy and created the council of economic Adviser's to guide the president | Employment Act |
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