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Chapter 12
AP Human Geography
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cottage industries | production of goods in a home or small workshop, typically by hand or with low technology |
| economies of scale | savings in cost of production that comes from increasing production of a good |
| industrial revolution | cluster of inventions and innovations that brought large-scale economic changes in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing in late 18th century Europe |
| hinterland | an area of economic production that is located inland and is connected to the world by a port |
| situation | the position of a city or place relative to its surrounding environment or context |
| networks | a set of interconnected nodes without a center |
| first mover advantage | benefit a service or product receives by being first to market |
| secondary hearths | area to which an innovation diffuses and from which the innovation diffuses more broadly |
| globalization | processes heightening interactions, increasing interdependence, and deepening relations across country borders |
| fordist | manufacturing system in which raw materials are brought into a central location and component parts and the final product are produced at the same location then shipped globally |
| vertical integration | the merging of businesses that serve different steps in one commodity chain |
| location theory | understanding the distribution of cities, industries, services, or consumers with the goal of explaining why places are chosen as sites of production or consumption |
| agglomeration | cost advantages created when similar businesses cluster in the same location |
| least cost theory | determining the location of manufacturing based on minimizing 3 critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration; developed by Alfred Weber |
| friction of distance | difficulty in time and cost that usually comes with increased distance |
| intermodel | where two or more modes of transportation meet (air, road, rail, barge, ship) |
| capitalism | economic system where people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and trade them on the world market with the goal of making a profit |
| commodification | transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded |
| global division of labor | the ability of corporations to employ labor from around the world, made possible by the compression of time and space through innovations in communication and transportation systems |
| time-space compression | increasing connectedness between world cities from improved communication and transportation networks |
| just-in-time delivery | production system in which parts are delivered as needed to the assembly line so that parts are not warehoused, stored, or overproduced |
| spatial fix | the movement of production from one site to another based on the place-based cost advantages of the new site |
| node | connection point in a network, where goods and ideas flow in, out, and through the network |
| commodity chain | steps in the production of a good from its design and raw materials to its production, marketing, and distribution |
| outsourcing | hiring employees outside the home country of a company in order to reduce the cost of labor inputs for the good or service |
| connectivity | position of a place or area relative to others in a network |
| global sourcing | tapping into companies that specialize in production around the world to manufacture goods |
| global production networks | patterns of flows from raw material to global product to disposal or reuse of products that shows all the places connected through production |
| newly industrializing countries (NIC) | states with growing industrial and service economies and an increasing presence in global trade |
| break of bulk point | a place where goods are transferred from one form of transport to another |
| deindustrialization | decline in industry in a region or economy; occurs when companies move industry to other regions or mechanize production |
| rust belt | a region in the NE US that once had an extensive manufacturing industry but has been deindustrialized during the post-Fordist era |
| high-technology corridor | areas along or near major transportation corridors that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products |
Created by:
zoeweissman
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