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Chapter 12 vocab
AP human geography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cottage industries | Production of goods in a home or small workshop typically by hand or with low technology |
| Economies of scale | Savings in cost of production that comes from increasing production of a good |
| Industrial revolution | cluster of inventions and innovations that brought large scale economic changes in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing, in the late 18th century Europe |
| Hinterland | An area of economic production that is located inland and is connected to the world by a port |
| Situation | the position of a city or place relative to its surrounding environment or context |
| Network | a set or interconnected nodes without a center |
| First Mover advantage | benefit a service or product receives by being the first to market |
| Secondary hearths | Area to which an innovation diffuses and from which the innovation diffuses more broadly |
| Globalization | Processes heightening interactions, increasing interdependence, and deepening relations across country borders |
| Fordist | Manufacturing system in which raw materials are brought into a central location and component parts and the final product are produced at the same location and then shipped globally |
| Vertical integration | the merging of businesses that serve different steps in one commodity chain |
| Location theory | Understanding the distribution of cities, industries, services, or consumers with the goal of explaining why places are chosen as sites of production or consumption |
| Agglomeration | cost advantages created when similar businesses cluster in the same location |
| Least cost theory | determining the location of manufacturing based on minimizing three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration |
| Friction of distance | difficulty in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance |
| Intermodal | Where two or more modes of transportation meet |
| Capitalism | Economic system where people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and trade them on the world market with the goal of making a profit |
| Commodification | transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded |
| Global division of labor | The ability of corporations to employ labor from around the world made possible by the compression of time and space through innovations in communication and transportation systems |
| Time space compression | increasing connectedness between world cities from improved communication and transportation networks |
| Just in time delivery | Production system in which parts are delivered as needed to the assembly line so that parts are not warehoused, stored, or overproduced |
| Spatial fix | The movement of production from one site to another based on the place based cost advantages of the new site |
| Node | Connection point in a network where goods and ideas flow in, out , and though the network |
| Commodity chain | Steps in the production of a good from its design and raw materials to its production, marketing, and distribution |
| Outsourcing | Hiring employees outside the home country of a company in order to reduce the cost of labor inputs for the good or service |
| Connectivity | Position of a place or area relative to others in a network |
| Global sourcing | Tapping into companies that specialize in production around the world to manufacture goods |
| Global production networks | Pattern of flows from raw material to global product to disposal or reuse of products that shows all the places connected through production |
| Newly industrializing countries (NIC) | states with growing industrial and service economies and an increasing presence in global trade |
| Break of bulk point | A place where goods are transferred from one form of transport to another |
| Deindustrialization | Decline in industry in a region or economy. Happens when companies move industry to other regions or mechanize production |
| Rust belt | A region in the northeastern United States that once had an extensive manufacturing industry but has been deindustrialized during the post-Fordist era |
| High technology corridor | Areas along or near major transportation corridors that are devoted to the research development, and sale of high technology products |
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Pl251151
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