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IMMUNE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Autocrine stimulation is | A process that acts on the cell that releases the cytokine or hormone |
| Paracrine stimulation is | Substance that is released from a cell acts on local neighboring cells |
| Endocrine stimulation is | Substance circulating in the blood that acts on systemic systems |
| What do Interleukins do | Regulate immune cells; abbreviated (IL) and followed by a number ... IL2 |
| What do Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF ) do | Destroys tumor cells; is a Cytokine; released from T-cells, Macrophages, Mast cells and Dendritic cells; TNF followed by a Greek letter |
| What do Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF) do | Stimulate Leukopoiesis; abbreviation begins with letter(s) that it stimulates G-CSF= granulocytes |
| What do Interferons (IFN) do ; followed by Greek letters | Cytokines that are released from a virally infected cell to signal other cells to produce enzymes to keep from becoming infected by viruses. |
| 3 Interferons ; 2 are for what and 1 is for what | INF alpha and beta are for viral and INF gamma is for Pro-inflammatory |
| 4 functions of Cytokines | Control Dev. and Behavior of immune cells, Regulate inflammatory response of innate immune sys., Communicate between cells, Destroy cells |
| Location of Basophils vs. Mast cells | Basophils circulate in the blood and Mast cells reside in the tissues |
| What is the differences in Neutrophils and Dendritic cells after Phagocytosis | Neutrophils are destroyed by reactive oxygen they use and Dendritic cells are not |
| How do NK Cells destroy cells | Initiating Apoptosis through cytotoxin chemical Perforin and Granzymes |
| The CD molecules are associated with which lymphocyte | T-Cells |
| The Immunoglobulins with the light and heavy chains are associated with which lymphocyte | B- Cells |
| The process in which B or T- cells recognize an antigen then reproduce for that specific antigen to eliminate it is what | Clonal Selection |
| The term for a section of an antigen that a antibody attaches to | Epitope; usually a Protein |
| A incomplete molecule that is too small to trigger a immune response by itself, needs to be bound to a larger molecule | Hapten |
| The process of eliminating a lymphocyte that can do harm to the 'self' molecules | Clonal Deletion |
| The B-Cell that has not been exposed to a antigen | Naïve B-Cell |
| What becomes of the B-Cell once it is exposed to an antigen | Becomes a Memory cell or Plasma cell |
| Function of Plasma cells | Secrete antibodies at Specific antigens |
| Materials that serve as antigens | Proteins, Polypeptides, Lipoproteins, Glycoproteins, Nucleoproteins, Polysaccharides and Polyliposaccharides |
| Another name for antibodies is | Immunoglobulins |
| MHC stands for | Major Histocompatibility Complex |
| Where are MHC 1 and MHC 2 glycoproteins found | MHC1 are in all Nucleated cells while MHC2 are also included in macrophages |
| The MHC 2 molecule are expressed on what cells | B-Cells and Dendritic cells; macrophages |
| TCR stands for | T-Cell Receptor |
| Purpose of TCR molecules | Binding site for the MHC 2 of the B-cell with the antigen on it to initiate the immune response |
| T-cell produce, secrete and are stimulated by what substance | Cytokines |
| What percentage of T-cells are Helper T-cells | 65% |
| 5 types of T-Cells | Cytotoxic, Helper, NK, Regulatory, Memory T-cells |
| What types of cells do Cytotoxic T-Cells destroy | Virally infected, Tumor cells, and Transplanted or grafted |
| Difference in B and T cells | B-cells produce and secrete antibodies and recognize antigens of bacteria and viruses, T-cells can only recognize viral antigen on infected cells |
| Function of Helper T-cells | To secrete cytokines to stimulate other cells in the immune system for specific response |
| The 3 differentiated B-cells after activation | Memory, Plasma and Regulatory cells |
| Titer is | The expression on the level of concentration of antibodies in serum over time |
| 4 categories of specific immunity are | Natural, Artificial, Active, and Passive |
| Active Natural Immunity is | The body doing the work, produces the antibodies |
| Active Artificial Immunity is | The body doing the work with help from vaccine |
| Passive Natural Immunity is | Body receiving antibodies from another ; Breast feeding or birthing |
| Passive Artificial Immunity is | Body receiving antibodies that come from another human or animal or may be synthetic; rabies vaccine |
| Term for a purified bacterial toxin that is chemically denatured | Toxoid |
| Antibody concentration for Immunoglobulins ( IG ) are | IgG=80%, IgA=16%, IgM=6%, IgD=1% and IgE=0.002% |
| Poor Immunogens have 3 descriptions | Small molecules, Simple molecules and Repetitive polymers |
| Definition of Specific Immunity is | Adaptive and occurs only after as immunizing event |
| In mucus and serous secretions the Monomer IgA forms what | Dimeric |
| Molecules that can be seen and identified by the immune system are | Antigens and immunogen |
| The CD molecules that are expressed of mature T-cells | CD4 and CD8 coreceptors |
| Word that means to reduce the effect of | Attenuate |
| The 2 cells that play a key role in immune response are | T and B cells |
| A dimeric IgA is also called a | Secretory IgA |
| How many classes of MHC genes | three |
| Biological function of IgG | Long term immunity, Neutralize toxins |
| Biological function of IgA | Secretory antibody |
| Biological function of IgM | First antibody produced in response to antigen |
| Biological function of IgD | Main function is to serve as a B-Cell receptor |
| Biological function of IgE | Allergies and Worm infections |
| Name of Theory for the development of Lymphocyte specificity during immune maturation | Clonal Selection Theory |
| IgA circulates in the blood as a what | Monomer |
| The name of a antigen that causes the helper T-cells to activate 100 times faster and may cause toxic shock. | Superantigen |
| Results of an excessive release of cytokines | Over stimulate immune system |
| Name for Fever | Pyrexia |
| Another name for Epitope | Antigen Dererminant |
| Term for the immune system being able to recognize self molecules | Immune tolerance |
| Which cells are involved with Cell-Mediated immunity | T-Cells |
| Which cells are involved with Humoral immunity | B-Cells |
| What is required for the activation of T-Cells | Direct contact of the antigen and the T-Cell |
| Substance that works like a hormone and are small soluble proteins released from T-cell | Cytokines |
| Name of 4 cytokines | Interleukins (IL), Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF), Interferons (INF), and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) |
| Release of Interferons and Complement, Inflammation and fever are part of which line of defense | Innate Immunity ; 1st Line of defense |
| Adaptive immune uses which cells | T and B cells |
| CD4 cell is associated with what other items | IL2, MHC2, TCR, Helper T-Cell |
| Cytotoxic T-Cell is associated with what other items | IL2. MHC1, TCR, CD8 |
| What part of the T-Cell binds to the Antigen | TCR |
| What part of the B-Cell binds to the free Antigen | BCR |
| Which MHC do APC's have | MHC 1 & 2 |
| During Thymic selection, being able to recognize foreign antigen on MHC, the cell would be termed what | T-cell Positive Selection |
| During the 2nd part of the Thymic selection the cell must be able to recognize "self " antigens, termed what | T-cell Negative Selection |
| T-cells that moderately bind to self antigen during Negative Selection become what | Regulatory T-Cells (TREG) |
| Term for when the Lymphocyte has it's first encounter with antigen | Antigen Challenge |
| Helper and Cytotoxic T-cells are activated by what 2 processes | Release of Interleukin 2 (IL2) and presented with antigen of APC |
| Process of B-Cell activation is | B-Cell engulfing antigen, Presenting antigen to T-Helper cell, T-cell releasing IL4 to stimulate replication and differentiation of B-cell |
| Term for Proteins that modify antigen to increase phagocytosis | Opsonization |
| Opsonization is achieved with what protein | Opsonin |
| Antibody concentration in the blood is known as | Titer |
| What Immunoglobulin is involved with Acute Hypersensitivity | IgE , stimulates the release of histamine and heparin |
| The order in which Hypersensitivity occurs | Sensitization, activation, and Effector Phases |
| Which Immunoglobulin causes Agglutination | IgM |
| The 3 stages of fever are | Onset, Stadium, and Defervescence |
| Where are the Complement Proteins synthesized | Liver |
| Name of the gel like substance located in the dermis that slows microbial movement | Hyaluronic Acid |
| Which complement pathway occurs when a microbe binds directly to the Complement Protein | Alternate Pathway |
| Which Complement Pathway occurs when activated by Antibodies | Classical Pathway |
| Term for when Complement Proteins kill a target cell with protein channel and fluid leaks out | Cytolysis |
| What are MHC 1 molecules made up of | Glycoproteins |
| Which structures are Epitopes located on | Antigen |
| When antibodies cover the surface receptors of a virus it is known as | Neutralization |
| Which cell delays the Hypersensitivity reaction | Helper T-Cell |
| Term for not able to recognize non self antigens | Immunodeficiency |
| Term for the loss of Immune Tolerance | Autoimmunity |
| The name of a vaccine that uses part of an antigen or Epitope | Subunit Vaccine or Acellular Vaccine |
| The function of the TREG cell is to | Prevent Autoimmunity |
| What are independent antigens made up of | Lipopolysaccharides or Carbohydrate |
| Hapten materials can include | Drugs, Metals, Ordinary chemicals |
| Term for when Plasma cells change antibodies that they produce | Class Switching |
Created by:
scones and joe
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