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Module 8
Module 8 Lessons 1, 2, 3, 4,and 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What happened in Mecca? | The concept of a belief in only one God, known as Allah was popular on the Arabian Peninsula. Christians and Jews lived there and practiced monotheism. Around 570 AD, Muhammad was born. |
| Who was Muhammad? | Muhammad was born into a powerful clan in the Meccan family. He was orphaned and was raised by his grandfather and uncle. At 25, he became a tarde and business manager for Khadijah, a 40 year old wealthy businesswoman, whom he eventually married. |
| What happened to Muhammad? | He believed a voice had called to him while he meditated in a cave outside of Mecca. He believed that the Lord who spoke through Gabriel was Allah. He became convinced that he was one of the only prophets left, so he began to teach the beliefs |
| Why was Muhammad not met with open arms hen he started preaching publicly? | Many Meccans believed that his revolution of ideas would lead to the "neglect" of the "traditional" Arab gods. The people feared that it would lose its position as a pilgrimage center if they accepted monotheistic beliefs. |
| What is the Hirah and why is it so important? | Since his followers began to be attacked, he left Mecca in 622. He moved to the town of Yathrib, about 200 miles north of Mecca. His migration was known as the Hijrah, which attracted even more followers. |
| What happened when Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630? | Muhammad destroyed the idols/gods in the Ka'aba and made the call to prayer from the roof. The Meccans that pledged their loyalty and allegiance to Muhammad converted to Islam and joined the umma (Muslim religious community). |
| What are the beliefs and practices of Islam/five pillars? | There is good and evil, and that each person is responsible for the actions of his or her life. The five pillars of Islam are Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, and Pilgrimage. |
| What is the Qur'an and how was it "made"? | Allah expressed his will and what he wanted through Gabriel, who then revealed it to Muhammad. These revelations were collected in a book, known as the Qur'an (holy book for Muslims). Only the Arabic version is "considered" to be the "true" word of Allah |
| How are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam similar? | All three of these religions believe in heaven, hell, a day of judgment, and have similar ancestry through Abraham. To the Muslims, Allah is the same God worshipped in Christianity and Judaism, just with a different name. |
| What happened after Muhammad's death? | Since Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed his followers on how to pick one, Abu-Bakr was elected, who was a loyal friend of Muhammad. Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs Umar, Uthman, and Ali had known Muhammad in some way. |
| What happened after Abu-Bakr's death? | The Muslim state controlled all of Arabia, and under Umar, the armies conquered Syria and lower Egypt. The next two caliphs continued to expand their territory and by 750, the empire stretched about 6,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River. |
| How did Muslims interact with conquered people? | The Muslims allowed the people who they conquered to practice their own religion, because the Qur'an forbade the conversion of "people of the book" They were not allowed to spread their religion. |
| What happened after Uthman's death in 656? | Uthman's death started a civil war. Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law was to be successor to Uthman however, his right to rule was challenged by Muawiya, who was a governor of Syria. |
| What happened after Ali's assassination in 661? | The Umayyads eventually came to power and they moved the Muslim capital to Damascus. Since it was away from Mecca, caused a division in the Muslim community. |
| What was the Sunni-Shi'a split? | Between the Umayyads rule, groups of Muslims started to appear. |
| What were the separate groups that appeared during the Sunni-Shi'a split? | The Shi'a thought that the caliph needed to be a descendant of Muhammad. The Sunni became known as the "followers of Muhammad's example." The Sufi rejected wealth and instead pursued a life of poverty and devotion to a more "spiritual" path. |
| What happened in Spain? | Abd al-Rahman created yet another Umayyad caliphate, because Spain had already been conquered by the Muslim from North Africa, known as the Berbers. |
| Why did the Abbasids relocate the Muslims? | To centralize power, the Abbasids single-handedly moved the capital to a newly created city, called Baghdad in central Iraq. The location on trade routes gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information about the empire. |
| What is the Fatimid caliphate? | The Fatimid caliphate was formed by the Shi'A Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatima. This began in North Africa, across the Red Sea, and to western Arabia and Syria. |
| How did the Muslim trade network work? | The two major seas were the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, and these two seas was where the Muslim Empire could trade with the rest of the world. The land network connected the Silk Roads of China & India with Europe & Africa. |
| What were the four social classes in Baghdad? | The upper class included those who were Muslims at birth. Converts to Islam were in the second class.The third class consisted of the “protected people” and included Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. The lowest class was composed of slaves. |
| What did slaves do? | Many slaves were prisoners of war, and all were non-Muslim. Slaves most frequently performed household work or fought in the military. |
| What did the Qur'an say about the role of women? | The Qur’an says, “Men are the managers of the affairs of women,” and “Righteous women are therefore obedient.” The Qur’an also says that men and women, as believers, are equal. |
| What was the role of women socially? | The shari’a gave Muslim women specific legal rights concerning marriage, family, and property. Muslim women had more economic and property rights than other women of the same time period. Muslim women were still expected to submit to men. |
| What were the responsibilities of women at the time? | Responsibilities of Muslim women varied with the income of their husbands. The wife of a poor man would work in the fields with her husband. Wealthier women supervised the household and its servants. All women were responsible for raising children. |
| What were Muslims reasons for supporting the advancement of science? | Rulers wanted qualified physicians treating them. Faithful relied on mathematicians and astronomers to calculate the times for prayer and the direction of Mecca. Their attitude also reflected a deep-seated curiosity about the world and a quest for truth. |
| What is the house of Wisdom? | a Caliph al-Ma’mun opened in Baghdad a combination library, academy, and translation center (House of Wisdom.) There, scholars of different cultures and beliefs worked side by side translating texts from Greece, India, Persia, and elsewhere into Arabic. |
| What did Scholars do? | These scholars developed standards and techniques for research that are a part of the basic methods of today’s research. Some Muslim scholars used Greek ideas in fresh new ways. Others created original work of the highest quality. |
| How did Muslims adapt artistic traditions to suit Islamic beliefs and practices? | Images of living beings were discouraged, so many artists turned to calligraphy. Muslim art often does not contain images of living beings because leaders feared that people might worship the images rather than Allah |
| Who was Al-Razi? | He wrote an encyclopedia called the Comprehensive Book that drew on knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic, and Indian sources as well as on his own experience. Al-Razi also wrote Treatise on Smallpox and Measles, which was translated into several languages |
| What were two ideas that Muslim scholars introduced to modern math and science that stand out? | They are the reliance on scientific observation and experimentation, and the ability to find mathematical solutions to old problems. |
| What did Al-Khwarizmi do? | He wrote a textbook in the 800s explaining “the art of bringing together unknowns to match a known quantity.” He called this technique al-jabr—today called algebra. |
| Why was there a Muslim interest in astronomy? | A correct lunar calendar was needed to mark religious periods. It helped ix the locations of cities so that worshipers could face toward Mecca as they prayed. Knowledge of the stars helped guide Muslim traders to the many trading cities around the world. |
| What was the Muslim Agricultural Revolution? | Muslim traders introduced new crops and farming techniques to Muslim lands. Muslim engineers developed new irrigation techniques that allowed farmers to grow crops in areas once too dry for agriculture. New food sources caused the population to grow. |
| Who was Moses Ben Maimon (Maimonides)? | A Jewish physician and philosopher that faced strong opposition for his ideas, but he came to be recognized as the greatest Jewish philosopher in history. Maimonides produced "The Guide for the Perplexed" that blended philosophy, religion, and science. |
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