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Sociology 1
Vocabulary words for Ethnic Studies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social classes | consist of people who have similar levels of access to valued goods and services. |
| Minority group | experiences systematic disadvantage and has a visible identifying trait. The group is self-conscious, and membership is usually determined at birth. Members tend to form intimate relations within the group. |
| Genocide | the deliberate attempt to exterminate an entire group. |
| Dominant group | the group that benefits from minority-group subordination. |
| Ethnic minority groups | distinguished by cultural traits. |
| Racial minority groups | distinguished by physical traits. |
| Miscegenation | marriage or sexual relations between members of racial groups that a society defines as different and unequal. |
| Ascribed status | involuntary and usually acquired at birth. |
| Stratification | the system of unequal distribution of valued resources in society. |
| Social classes | people who have similar levels of access to valued goods and services. |
| Means of production | the materials, resources, and social relationships by which society produces and distributes goods and services. |
| bourgeoisie | the elite or ruling class that owns the means of production in an industrial society. |
| Proletariat | Workers |
| Prestige | Honor, esteem or respect |
| Power | the ability to affect the decision-making process of a social system |
| Level of development | the stage of evolution of a society, including agrarian, industrial, and postindustrial. |
| Subsistence technology | the system by which a society satisfies basic needs. |
| Postindustrial society | dominated by service work, information processing, and high technology. |
| Intersectionality | stresses the linked inequalities in a society and the multiplicity of statuses all people occupy. |
| Social mobility | movement up and down the stratification system. |
| Gender norms | societal expectations for behavior based on one’s gender status (e.g., girl, boy). The social characteristics associated with males or females |
| Patriarchy | men’s dominance. |
| Sexism | refers to belief systems that label women as inferior and rationalize their lower status. |
| Ideological racism | refers to societal belief systems that label certain groups as inferior. |
| Institutional discrimination | a pattern of unequal treatment of a group built into the daily operation of society. |
| Prejudice | the tendency of individuals to think and feel negatively toward others. |
| Cognitive dimension of prejudice | refers to how people *think about members of other groups. |
| Affective dimension of prejudice . | refers to how people *feel about members of other groups |
| Stereotypes | generalizations thought to characterize groups as a whole. |
| Discrimination | the unequal treatment of a person based on his or her group membership. |
| Assimilation | a process in which separate groups come to share a common culture and merge socially |
| Pluralism | groups maintain separate identities, cultures, and organizational structures. |
| Melting pot | a type of assimilation in which all groups contribute in roughly equal amounts to a new culture and society. |
| Americanization (or Anglo-conformity) | a type of assimilation in which the dominant culture pressures other groups to conform to Anglo- American culture. |
| Race relations cycle | the idea that group relations follow a predictable cycle starting with conflict but leading to eventual assimilation. |
| Culture | includes all aspects of the way of life of a group of people, including beliefs, values, norm, symbols, technology, and many other components. |
| Social structure | is the networks of relationships, groups, organizations, and institutions that organize society and connect individuals to one another. |
| Primary sector | of a social structure consists of close, intimate relations. Secondary sector |
| Acculturation or cultural assimilation | the process by which one group learns the culture of another. |
| Integration or structural assimilation | the process by which a group enters the social structure of the larger society. |
| Intermarriage or marital assimilation | marriage between members of different groups. |
| Human capital theory | the view that upward mobility is a direct result of effort, personal values and skills, and investment in education. |
| Multiculturalism | a general term for pluralistic views that stress inclusion, mutual respect, and a celebration of group diversity. |
| Cultural pluralism | Under this, groups have not acculturated or integrated and each maintains a distinct identity. |
| Structural pluralism | Under this, a group has acculturated but not integrated. |
| Enclave minority group | establishes its own neighborhood and relies on a set of interconnected businesses for economic survival. |
| Middleman minority group | relies on interconnected businesses, dispersed throughout a community, for economic survival. |
| Separatism | a minority-group goal. A separatist group wishes to sever all ties with the dominant group. |
| Revolution | a minority-group goal. A revolutionary group wishes to change places with the dominant group and establish a new social order. |
| Industrial revolution | the shift in subsistence technology from labor-intensive agriculture to capital-intensive manufacturing. |
| Labor-intensive | production is a form of work in which most of the effort is provided by people working by hand. |
| Capital-intensive | technology replaces hand labor with machine labor. Large amounts of capital are required to develop, purchase, and maintain the machines. |
| Old Immigration | was from Northern and Western Europe to the United States from the 1820s to the 1880s. The |
| New Immigration | was from Southern and Eastern Europe to the United States from the 1880s to the 1920s. |
| Protestant ethic | stressed hard work, success, and individualism, and was analyzed by Max Weber in his sociological classic "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism." |
| Anti-Semitism | prejudice or ideological racism directed specifically toward Jews. |
| Ethnic succession | the process by which white ethnic groups affected one another’s positions in the social class structure. |
| Structural mobility | refers to rising occupational and social class standing that is a result of changes in the structure of the economy and labor market, as opposed to individual efforts. |
| The triple melting pot | the idea that structural assimilation for white ethnic groups took place within the context of the three major American religions. |
| Ethclass | the group formed by the intersection of social class and ethnic or racial group. |
| Sojourners | immigrants who intend to return to their country of origin. |
| Principle of third-generation interest | the idea that the grandchildren of immigrants will stress their ethnicity much more than will the second generation. |
| Ethnic revival | an increase in the interest in heritage that occurred among white ethnics in the 1960s and 1970s. |
| Symbolic ethnicity | superficial, voluntary, and changeable. |
| Segmented assimilation | has multiple outcomes. Some groups may eventually enter the middle class, but others may be permanently excluded, marginalized, and impoverished. |
| Scapegoat hypothesis | Holds that people sometimes express their frustrations against substitute targets. When the substitutes are other groups, prejudice increases. |
| Authoritarian personality | Theory that links prejudice to childhood experiences with stern, severe parents. |
| Selective perception | The tendency to see only what one expects to see. |
| Split labor market theory | Argues that higher-priced dominant-group labor uses prejudice and discrimination to limit the ability of lower-priced minority-group labor to compete for jobs |
| Vicious cycle | In this, minority-group inferiority is assumed and then forces are set in motion to create and perpetuate it. |
| Social distance | Refers to the degree of intimacy a person is willing to accept for members of other groups. |
| Socialization | The process of physiological and social development by which a person learns his or her culture. |
| Modern racism | A more subtle and indirect form of traditional prejudice. |
| Equal status contact hypothesis | Argues that, under certain conditions, cooperative contacts between groups will tend to reduce prejudice |
| Jigsaw method | A learning technique that requires cooperation among students. |
| Hate crime | A criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity. |
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ashleyroberts
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