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Unit 5/6
World War II
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| “Europe First” strategy | World War II plan to have the United States concentrate the majority of its resources and energies to achieve a victory over Germany first and then focus on defeating Japan |
| “final solution” | Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews during World War II |
| “Four Freedoms” speech | a speech delivered by FDR, stating four fundamental freedoms that he believed all the world’s people were entitled to: freedom of speech and expression, freedom to worship God, freedom from want, and freedom from fear |
| 101st Airborne Division | American infantry division important for its actions on D-Day and in the Battle of the Bulge |
| Adolf Hitler | chancellor and führer (leader) of Germany from 1933 to 1945 |
| Allies | Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries that allied with one another to oppose the Axis in World War II; also known as the Allied powers |
| amphibious landing | coordination of land, sea, and air forces for an invasion from the sea |
| appeasement | the act of granting favors or agreeing to unwelcome terms for an aggressor or critic, often against one’s own principles |
| Atlantic Charter | a 1941 joint declaration by British prime minister Winston Churchill and U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt of common war aims of Britain and the United States |
| Axis | the alliance formed through treaties among Germany, Italy, and Japan leading up to World War II; this alliance was known as the Axis throughout the war |
| Bataan Death March | the forced march of American and Filipino prisoners of war by the Japanese in World War II |
| Battle of Britain | months-long battle in which the German air force carried out devastating bombing raids on Britain but was ultimately defeated by Britain’s Royal Air Force |
| Battle of the Bulge | the last major German offensive on the western front during World War II |
| Benito Mussolini | fascist dictator who ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 |
| Bernard Montgomery | British field marshal and commander of the British army in North Africa and western Europe |
| blitzkrieg | (German: “lightning war”) a German military strategy of quick, forceful, surprise attacks aimed at overwhelming and disorienting the enemy; often shortened to “the Blitz” in reference to the Battle of Britain |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944; the date of the invasion of Normandy, France, by Allied forces, which opened a second front in Europe |
| Double V campaign | a campaign led by African American newspapers aimed at achieving victory overseas and in the fight against racism and inequality in the United States |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | American general who planned the D-Day invasion and later became the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | First Lady of the United States (1933–1945) during the presidency of her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt; also an activist for rights of women and African Americans |
| Emperor Hirohito | emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989 |
| Erwin Rommel | German field marshal and commander of the German army in North Africa, also known as the “Desert Fox” |
| evacuation of Dunkirk | evacuation by sea of more than 300,000 Allied soldiers who were trapped by German forces in the harbor city of Dunkirk, France, in 1940 |
| Executive Order 9066 | an order enacted by Franklin Roosevelt in February 1942 that required the internment of Japanese Americans during the course of World War II |
| George S. Patton | American general and commander of the United States Army in North Africa and western Europe |
| German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact | a 1939 pact in which the Soviet Union and Germany agreed to divide Poland between them and not go to war with each other |
| Holocaust | the systematic murder of Jewish people and others in Europe perceived as undesirable by the Nazis |
| internment camp | one of a number of “relocation” facilities around the American West and South where Japanese Americans were confined according to the requirements of Executive Order 9066 |
| intervention | a policy of becoming involved in the affairs of other countries |
| invasion of Poland | Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, which led Britain and France to declare war on Germany |
| island hopping | series of amphibious landings during World War II that bypassed strongest-held islands to strike at the weakest-held islands |
| isolationism | a policy of avoiding alliances and not becoming involved in the affairs of other countries |
| Joseph Stalin | secretary general of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1953; premier of the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1953 |
| League of Nations | an international organization established in 1920 to resolve disputes between countries; precursor to the United Nations |
| lend-lease program | a program that provides military supplies, such as tanks, airplanes, and ammunition, to an ally during wartime, but with the expectation of return of supplies or some type of repayment when the war is done |
| Maginot Line | a nearly 200-mile-long line of defensive fortifications built by France in the 1930s to protect the country’s northeastern border |
| Manhattan Project | research and development operation during World War II that produced the atomic bomb for the United States |
| militarization | the process of building an army or other military force, including recruiting, arming, and training |
| Munich Pact | a 1938 agreement in which Great Britain and France allowed Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia |
| Nanjing Massacre | in 1937, Chinese resistance to Japanese control led to war and a brutal massacre in the city of Nanjing in which Japanese forces killed thousands of Chinese civilians |
| Neutrality Acts | a series of laws passed in the 1930s aimed at keeping the United States from becoming involved in a foreign war |
| Normandy | Coastal region of northern France that was the location of the D-Day invasion |
| Pacific Theater | the region of the southern Pacific Ocean where a series of battles took place during World War II |
| Pearl Harbor | a Pacific inlet on the Hawaiian island of Oahu, just west of the city of Honolulu; site of the U.S. naval base that Japan attacked on December 7, 1941, bringing the United States into World War II |
| propaganda | information, ideas, or allegations that are often biased, misleading, or false, spread with the aim of influencing public opinion |
| rationing | restricting the amount of food or other provisions that people are allowed to have, especially during wartime |
| rearmament | the process of restoring weapons and the machinery of war to a nation |
| Rosie the Riveter | a symbol of female workers in the defense industries |
| Tojo Hideki | military leader who served as Japan’s prime minister from 1941 to 1945 and was later executed for war crimes |
| totalitarian | relating to a central government controlled by a dictator or authoritarian leader |
| Treaty of Versailles | the treaty signed by the Allied powers and Germany in 1919 that formally ended World War I |
| Winston Churchill | prime minister of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955 |
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