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Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| State | Politically organize territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government. |
| Territoriality | sense of ownership and attachment to a specific territory |
| Peace of Westphalia | treaties negotiated I 1648 that formally recognized the sovereignty of states |
| Sovereignty | the legal authority to have the last say over a territory. under international law, states are sovereign |
| Territorial integrity | right of state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states |
| Colonialism | physically taking over a territory and people and controlling the economy and government |
| Mercantilism | na early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of goods, using gold and silver as currencies |
| Nation | a group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to each other and share a common political goal |
| Imagined community | a socially constructed identity that is imagined because the people in the group will never meet each other and simply believe they have a similarity and shared connection |
| Nation-state | a nation (people) and a state (country) who shared the same border |
| Multinational state | state (country) with more than one nation (people) |
| Multistate nation | nation (people) that stretches across states (countries) |
| Stateless nation | a nation that does not have a state |
| First wave of colonialism | from the late 1400s to 1850s, when Europeans colonized the Americas and coastal Africa |
| Second wave of colonialism | from the 1850s to 1960s, when Europeans colonized Africa and Asia in the context of the industrial revolution |
| World-Systems Theory | theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in and economic wealth in the periphery is inextricably linked to the core |
| Capitalism | system in which individuals, corporations, and states own land and produce goods and services that are exchanged for profit |
| Commodification | transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded |
| Core | places in the world economy where core processes dominate |
| Periphery | places in the world economy where periphery processes dominate |
| Semi-periphery | places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery |
| Centripetal forces | in nacionais attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to unite the nation, such as national iconography, patriotism, shared culture and history, or common religion or ideiology |
| Centrifugal forces | in nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to divide the nation, such as national iconography, patriotism, shared culture and history, or common religion or ideology |
| Unitary forces | a state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state |
| Federal states | a system with a central government and several states that retain independence on internal affairs |
| Devolution | transfer of power from central government to regional or local government within a state (country) |
| Democracy | government by the people where the people sovereign and have the final say over what happens within a state |
| Reapportionment | redistribution of representatives based on population change. for example, seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are reappointed across states after each census before each state redistricts. |
| Splitting | a redistricting practice where a minority population is divided across districts to ensure the majority population controls each district (also called dilution) |
| Majority-minority districts | electoral district where the majority of the people in the district ar from a minority group |
| Gerrymandering | manipulating electoral districts to give one political party unfair advantage |
| Boundary | a plane that stretched beneath the subsoil and into the airspace that legally divides two countries |
| Geometric boundary | political boundaries defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc |
| Physical-political boundaries | political boundary defined by a prominent physical feature in the physical landscape, such as a riverbank or the crest of a mountain range |
| Heartland theory | British geographer Halford Mackinder's theory that a political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world. " Eastern Europe -> Heartland -> World Island -> the world |
| Unilateralism | world order in which one state is in a position of global dominance |
| Deterritorialization | movement on economic, social, and cultural processes out of the hands of states (countries) |
| Reterritorialization | when a local culture shapes an aspect of popular culture as their own, adopting the popular culture to their local culture |
| Supranational organizations | an organization of three or more states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. for example, the European Union is such organization |
Created by:
Anastasiasmolentseva
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