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Chapter 8
AP human geography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| State | A sovereign territory, recognized as a country by other states under international law. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states |
| territoriality | sense of ownership and attachment to a specific territory |
| Peace of Westphalia | Treaties negotiated in 1648 that formally recognized the sovereignty of states |
| Territorial integrity | Right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states |
| Colonialism | Physically taking over a territory and people and controlling the economy and government |
| Mercantilism | An early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of goods, using gold and silver as currencies |
| Nation | A group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to each other and share a common political goal |
| Imagined community | a socially constructed identity that is imagined because the people in the group will never meet each other and simply believe they have a similarity and shared connection |
| nation-state | a nation (people) and a state (country) who share the same borders |
| multinational state | state (country) with more than one nation (people) |
| multistate nation | Nation (people) that stretches across states (countries) |
| stateless nation | a nation that does not have a state |
| first wave of colonialism | from the late 1400s to 1850s when Europeans colonized the Americas and coastal Africa |
| second wave of colonialism | from 1850s to 1960s when Europeans colonized Africa and Asia in the context to the industrial revolution |
| world-systems theory | Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in and economic wealth in the periphery inextricably linked to the core |
| capitalism | economic system where people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and trade them on the world market with the goal of making a profit |
| commodification | Transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded |
| core | places in the world economy where core processes dominate |
| periphery | places in the world economy where periphery processes dominate |
| semi-periphery | places where core and periphery processes are both occuring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery |
| centripetal forces | in nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to unite the nation, such as national iconography, patriotism, shared culture and history, or common religion or ideology |
| centrifugal forces | in nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to divide the nation, such as unequal distribution of wealth, or religious, linguistic, ethnic, and ideological differences |
| unitary states | a state that has a centralized gov and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state |
| federal states | a system with a central government and several states that retain independence on internal affairs |
| devolution | transfer of power from central government to regional or local government within a state (country) |
| democracy | government by the people where the people are sovereign and have the final say over what happens within a state |
| reapportionment | redistribution of representatives based on population change. For example, seats in the U.S. House of Reps are reapportioned across state after each census before each state redistricts |
| splitting | a redistricting practice where a minority population is divided across districts to ensure the majority population controls each district (also called dilution) |
| majority-minority districts | electoral district where the majority of people in the district are from a minority group |
| gerrymandering | manipulating electoral districts to give one political party unfair advantage |
| boundary | a plane that stretches beneath the subsoil and into the airspace that legally divides two countries |
| geometric boundaries | political boundaries defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc |
| physical political boundaries | political boundary defined by a prominent physical feature in the physical landscape, such as a riverbank or the crest of a mountain range |
| heartland theory | British geographer Halford Mackinder's theory that a political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world. |
| unilateralism | world order in which one state is in a position of global dominance |
| deterritorialization | movement of economic, social , and cultural processes out of the hands of states (countries) |
| reterritorialization | when a local culture shapes an aspect of popular culture as their own, adopting the popular culture to their local culture |
| supranational organizations | an organization of three or more states involving formal political, economic, and or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. For example the European Union |
| sovereignty | the legal authority to have the last say over a territory. Under international law, states are sovereign |
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