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Module 11
Module 11 Lessons 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why was the Church the most dominant institution in the Middle Ages? | They were the only ones who were educated that could read and write in Latin/Greek and therefore they were the only ones who could interpret the bible. |
| What was the main goal of of every person in the Middle Ages? | To reach heaven by doing whatever they were told, not questioning anything or their position in life, and to be a good Christian. |
| What was the main role of women in society? | To take care of their home and their children. |
| Who had more power. The King or the Pope? | The Pope had more power than the King for most of the Middle Ages because they were educated and held the power of reaching heaven over the king and the people of his kingdom. |
| What were the power struggles between the Pope and the King? | The Pope tried to influence and control secular/worldly issues within the kingdom’s to interfere with the king’s power. Kings and nobles tried to influence and control church affairs by appointing church officials. |
| What was appointing of church officials by kings and nobles? | The appointing of church officials by kings and nobles was called Lay Investiture. |
| What is Excommunication? | When an individual went questioned the church's teachings. The church would deny the person the following from going to church, receiving sacraments, being given a proper church burial, and condemned their soul /entrance into heaven |
| What is interdiction? | When a king went questioned the church's teachings.The church would deny the entire kingdom from going to church, receiving sacraments, a proper Church burial, and entrance into heaven |
| Why was preventing someone’s soul from reaching heaven and condemning their soul to hell for all of eternity the worst punishment a person someone could be given? | In the Middle Ages because their main goal in life was to reach heaven. |
| What were women taught by the church? | Women were taught by the Church that they were inferior to men (social status determined by the church and "god" |
| What were some problems in the church? | Some priests were nearly illiterate and could barely read their prayers. Some of the popes had questionable morals. Many bishops and abbots cared more about their positions as feudal lords than about their duties as spiritual leaders. |
| What was the church hierarchy? | (Regular Clergy): Abbotts-Monks-Friars and Abbesses - Nuns (Secular Clergy): Cardinals,Archbishops,Bishops, and Priests |
| What was the Papal Curia? | The Pope's group of advisors. It developed canon law (the law of the Church) on matters such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. The Curia also decided cases based on these laws. |
| What is Romanesque Architecture? | Style of architecture between 800 -1100 AD. Characteristics: round arches, a heavy roof held up by thick walls, very little light within the church, dark and gloomy, small in size |
| What was Gothic Architecture? | Developed in the 1100s and evolved throughout medieval Europe. The Gothic style originated in France. Master builders developed new techniques of structural engineering that were key to Gothic architecture. |
| What were the Crusades? | A term meaning "holy war" or a fight over religious land. |
| How many Crusades were there? | There were four Crusades that were fought between 1096 and 1204AD. Over a 300 year period, there were many others as well such as the Children’s Crusade 1212 AD and the Spanish Crusade from the 1100’s to the 1400’s. |
| What were the Goals/Causes of the Crusades? | Muslims controlled the Holy Land and threatened Constantinople. The Byzantine emperor of Constantinople appealed to Christians to stop Muslim attacks. Pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite Christianity, |
| What was the Strange Story of the Children’s Crusade? | Some stories of the Crusades mention that in 1212, thousands of children set out to conquer Jerusalem. Many died of cold and starvation on the journey. Thousands more were sold into slavery or drowned at sea after boarding ships for the Holy Land |
| What were the effects of the Crusades? | Return of trade/learning, weakened power of the church, weakened feudal nobility and increased kings power, fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire, Muslims: Holy Land left behind a legacy of bitterness and hatred. Jews: inc. persecution. |
| Why did the Feudal system decline? | Agriculture, trade, finance, towns, and universities developed. |
| What is The Second Agricultural Revolution? | A warmer climate in Europe from 800-1200 AD that helped to increase farm production. As a result of the new farming methods, there was an increase in food production which led to an increase in population. |
| What were some advances in agriculture? | A switch from oxen to horsepower, the development of the iron plow, and the change from a two to a new three field system. This system allowed farmers to grow crops on two-thirds of their land instead of just half the land each year. |
| What were the results of the new three field system? | Food production increased, villagers had more to eat, and people could better resist disease and live longer because they were healthier. |
| What was a guild and how did it change European economy? | A guild was an organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members. The guilds set standards for quality of work, prices of goods, wages, and working conditions. |
| What was the commercial revolution? | The expansion of trade and business. The improvement in both trade and finance increased the availability of traded goods and created new ways of doing business which changed life in Europe. |
| Why did a banking system develop? | Merchants needed large amounts of cash or credit and ways to exchange many types of currencies. Bills of exchange established exchange rates between different coinage systems. Letters of credit were developed which made it a lot easier to trade. |
| Who was Thomas Aquinas? | The most important philosopher of the Middle Ages. Aquinas believed that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. He studied the Greek philosopher; Aristotle and combined ancient Greek thought with Christian thinking. |
| Where did the revival of learning and education come from? | Developed from trading with the Byzantine and Muslim civilizations. (Universities developed in Paris, Bologna, Salerno, and Oxford.)(Written information starts to be written in everyday language of the people) |
| What did the development of a middle class do? | A middle class develops out of the merchant class-burghers.This merchant class helped to break down the feudal system because this new middle class could make more money and attain more power than the nobles above them. |
| How did the Angles and the Saxons create a new culture? | For centuries, invaders from various regions in Europe landed on English shores. The Angles and the Saxons stayed, bringing their own ways and creating an Anglo-Saxon culture. |
| What is Normandy? | A region in the north of France that had been conquered by the Vikings. Its name comes from the French term for the Vikings—Northmen, or Norman. |
| What battle change the course of English history? | On October 14, 1066, Normans and Anglo-Saxons fought the battle the Battle of Hastings. After Harold was killed by an arrow that pierced his eye, the Normans won a decisive victory. |
| What were goals English kings tried to achieve? | Wanted to hold and add to their French lands, and strengthen their own power over the nobles and the Church. |
| How did The English king Henry II add to the holdings owned in Normandy and in England? | He added to the holdings by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine from France. The marriage gave Henry territory in France called Aquitaine. Because Henry held lands in France, he was a vassal to the French king. But he was also a king in his own right. |
| What did Henry do? | Strengthened the royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year, collected taxes, settled lawsuits, and punished crimes. He also introduced the use of the jury in English courts. |
| What did John do? | John took the thrown after his older brother Richard. He failed as a military leader, lost Normandy and all his lands in northern France, was cruel to his subjects and tried to squeeze, alienated the Church, and raised taxes to an all-time high. |
| What's the Magna Carta? | This document guaranteed certain basic political rights. The nobles wanted to safeguard their own feudal rights and limit the king’s powers. The Magna Carta guaranteed what are now considered basic legal rights, both in England and in the United States. |
| What was Parliament? | Edward summoned two burgesses from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as a parliament, or legislative group. Over the next century, from 1300 to 1400, the king called the knights and burgesses whenever a new tax was needed. |
| What's the estates General? | In France, the Church leaders were the First Estate and the great lords as the Second Estate. The less royal people Philip invited to participate in the council, became the Third Estate. The whole meeting was called the Estates-General. |
| How did democracy begin? | The creation of common law and court systems was a first step toward increased central government power. Including commoners in the decision-making process of government was also an important step in the direction of democratic rule |
| What happened from the 1300 and 1400’s? | It was filled with disasters for the Medieval world. The Church divided, the Bubonic Plague, and Hundred Years’ War were all factors that caused the decline of the Middle Ages. |
| Why did the Pope and King collide? | The pope attempted to enforce papal authority on kings as done previously. King Philip did not listen. The pope responded with a document stating that kings must always obey popes. Instead of obeying, Philip had him held prisoner in September of 1303. |
| What was The Great Schism and what started it? | A division in the medieval Roman Catholic Church, during which rival Popes were established in Avignon and Rome. Both declared the other to be a false pope.The French pope lived in Avignon and the Italian pope lived in Rome. This started the Great Schism |
| What was the 100 year war and its results? | England and France battled with each other on French soil for over a century. The century of war between England and France marked the end of Europe’s Middle Ages. Victory passed back and forth between the England and France for many years. |
| How did the Great Schism end? | The council of Constance attempted to choose a single pope. Now, there were a total of three popes. The Holy Roman Emperor helped the council force all three popes to resign. In 1417, the council chose a new pope, Martin V, ending the Great Schism. |
| Who was John Wycliffe and what did he do? | He challenged papacy, thought that Jesus Christ was the true head of the Church, believed the clergy shouldn’t own land or have wealth, taught that the Bible was the final authority in Christian life. Made English translation of New Testament of the Bible |
| What was The Bubonic Plague/Black Death? | A deadly disease that spread that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid 14th century killing millions of people. |
| What were the causes/Reasons for why the Disease Spread? | Black rats carried fleas that were infested with diseases and fleas, people didn’t clean themselves or take baths, medieval people threw their garbage and sewage in the streets which created unsanitary conditions, the fleas carried by rats spread quickly. |
| What were symptoms of the Bubonic Plague? | Painful swellings called buboes in the lymph nodes, particularly those in the armpits and groin. Sometimes purplish or blackish spots on the skin.Extremely high fever, chills, delirium, and in most cases death. |
| What were the results of the Bubonic Plague? | The economic and social effects of the plague were huge because it helped to disrupt and cause the downfall of the feudal/manorial system. Jews were falsely blamed for bringing on the plague. The Church suffered when its prayers failed to end the plague. |
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