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Unit 05 Vocabulary
Definitions for Topics 5.1-5.12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. |
| land-use patterns | Exploitation of land for agricultural, industrial, residential, recreational, or other purposes. |
| intensive farming | farming that requires a lot of labor to produce food |
| Mediterranean Farming | Southern Europe, Southern California, Southern Africa -Grows olives, grapes, fruits, vegetables -Commercial -Extensive |
| Market gardening | The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. |
| Plantation agriculture | Growing specialized crops such as bananas, coffee, and cacao in tropical developing countries, primarily for sale to developed countries. |
| mixed crop and livestock farming | Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans. |
| extensive farming practices | an agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed. |
| shifting cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. Usually in a tropical climate |
| nomadic herding/pastoralism | migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage |
| ranching | A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area. |
| milk shed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. |
| feed lots | confined spaces in which cattle and hogs have limited movement |
| double cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field. |
| settlement patterns | the spatial distribution of where humans inhabit the Earth |
| rural settlement patterns | farms, villages, or towns that have any of the following patterns- dispersed, clustered, or linear |
| metes and bounds | A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land. |
| township and range | rigid grid-like pattern used to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands |
| long-lot survey system | divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals |
| Greenbelt | A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area |
| fallow | plowed but not seeded; inactive; reddish-yellow; land left unseeded; to plow but not seed |
| Enclosure Acts | a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common. |
| animal domestication | When animals are tamed and used for food and profit. |
| Fertile Crescent | A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. |
| First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic) | Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication. Move from hunters and gatherers to farming |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products. |
| Third Agricultural Revolution/Green Revolution | movement in agriculture characterized by the use of high yield seeds and fertilizers |
| High-yield seeds | Breeding together 2+ seeds that have desirable characteristics to create higher yields |
| Mechanized farming | replacing animal and human labor with machine labor |
| Subsistence agriculture | farmers raise food for themselves and their close community |
| Commercial agriculture | farmers focus on raising crops/animals to sell for profit |
| Monocropping | raising a single crop year to year |
| Bid-rent Theory | theory that describes that relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation |
| Agribusiness | integration of various steps in the food processing industry; includes production, transportation, marketing, retail, research and development, etc. |
| Carrying capacity | number of species that an area can support |
| Economies of Scale | cost reductions that occur when a product is produced in large quantities |
| Von Thunen Model | a model that suggests that perishability of the product and transport costs to the market each factor into the location of agricultural land use and activity |
| Isotropic | flat, featureless landscape |
| Supply chain | the network involved in the production and distribution of a commodity |
| Export | goods that are shipped to another country |
| Commodity | a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold |
| Infrastructure | systems in place that allow a country to function, including roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc. |
| Desertification | transition of land from fertile to desert |
| Soil salinization | the process by which water soluble salts build up in the soil, which limits the ability of crops to absorb water |
| Slash and burn | vegetation in an area is cut down and burned in place; the ash provides nutrients and the land can be farmed for a few years |
| Terracing | farmers building a series of steps into the side of a hill creating flat surfaces on which to grow |
| Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) | plants and animals modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species |
| Biodiversity | the variety of organisms living in a location |
| Urban farming | growing or producing food in an urban area |
| Organic farming | agriculture that is practiced without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides |
| Fair trade | agreements between retailers adn producers that promote higher incomes for producers and more sustainable farming pratices |
| Value-added crops | a change in the physical state or form of the product (such as milling wheat into flour or making strawberries into jam); the production of a product in a manner that enhances its value (such as organically produced products) |
| Food insecurity | the disruption of food intake because of poor access to food |
| Food desert | aera where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away |
| Aquaculture | raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water |
| Luxury crops | crops not essential to huan survivial but that have a high profit margni; coca, coffee, tea, bananas, pineapple |
| Cool chains | transportation chains networks that keep food cool throughout a trip |
| Subsidies | financial support provided to farmers/producers by the government to ensure affordable food for consumers |
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karaangelos
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