Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
9 BIOLOGY SEMESTER 1
| term | term |
|---|---|
| three types of RNA | tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA |
| adenine | pairs with thymine |
| guanine | pairs with cytosine |
| dna nitrogen bases | adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
| rna nitrogen bases | adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine |
| enzyme helicase | unwinds and separates the 2 DNA strands by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds |
| enzyme dna polymerase | new nucleotides form bonds with the existing ones |
| enzyme dna ligase | joins the Okazaki fragments to form a continuous DNA strand |
| nucleus | where dna replication takes place |
| 5' to 3' | dna replication direction |
| nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acid |
| dna | specifies traits by dictating protein synthesis |
| proteins | the links between genotype and phenotype |
| molecular chain of command | DNA in the nucleus to RNA and RNA in the cytoplasm to protein |
| transcription | the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA |
| translation | the synthesis of proteins under the direction of RNA |
| sequence of nucleotides in dna | provides a code for constructing a protein |
| protein construction | requires a conversion of a nucleotide sequence to an amino acid sequence |
| triplet code | a set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains. |
| codons | the three-base sequence of nucleotides in mRNA |
| polypeptide chain | long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| are written dna and rna as a series of codons | the genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain... |
| 64 | How many codons are possible? |
| genetic code | the amino acid translations of each of the nucleotide triplets |
| three nucleotides | specify one amino acid |
| sixty one codons | correspond to amino acids |
| AUG codes | are for methionine and signals the start of transcription |
| three "stop" codons | signal the end of translation |
| the three "stop" codons | UGA, UAA, UAG |
| stop codon | codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation |
| start codon | codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein |
| transcription of a gene steps | initiation, elongation, and termination (in order) |
| initiation | an mRNA molecule binds to a small ribosomal subunit, and a special tRNA binds to mRNA at the start codon |
| elongation | amino acids are added one by one to the first amino acid |
| termination | when the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the completed polypeptide is freed from the last tRNA, and the ribosome splits back into its separate subunits |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | encodes amino acid sequences and ;conveys genetic messages from DNA to the translation machinery of the cell |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | molecules function as an interpreter, converting the genetic message of mRNA into the language of proteins |
| anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon |
| initiation. | the start codon reads AUG and codes for methionine; the first tRNA has the anticodon UAC |
| genetics | the scientific study of heredity |
| Gregor Mendel | father of modern genetics |
| heritable factors | what Mendel called genes / parents pass on... |
| character | a heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color |
| trait | each variant for a character, such as purple or white flowers |
| true-breeding | term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate |
| hybrid | offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
| hybridization | breeding technique that involves crossing organisms that are not the same to bring together the best traits of both organisms |
| hybridization theory | two+ pure atomic orbitals can be mixed to form two or more new hybrid atomic orbitals that are identical. |
| F1 generation | the first generation of offspring that comes from a cross of two organisms |
| F2 generation | offspring of the F1 generation |
| offspring | a person's child or children |
| monohybrid cross | a cross between two individuals differing in a single character |
| allele | different versions of genes that cause variations in inherited characters |
| alleles | for each character, an organism inherits two _____ (one from each parent) |
| homozygous | an organism that has two of the same alleles for a trait (BB, TT, bb, tt) |
| hetereozygous | organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait (Bb, Tt) |
| phenotype | an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits |
| genotype | an organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations |
| law of segregation | a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited character because allele pairs separate (segregate) from each other during the production of gametes |
| allele pairs | the fusion of gametes at fertilization creates... |
| punnett square | a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles from a genetic cross |
| locus | location of a gene on a chromosome |
| homologous chromosomes | pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes |
| for a pair of homologous chromosomes | alleles of a gene reside at the same locus |
| homozygous individuals | have the same allele on both homologues |
| heterozygous individuals | individuals have a different allele on each homolog |
| dihybrid cross | a mating of parental varieties that differ in two characters |
| phenotypic ratio | the ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross |
| law of independent assortment | the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene |
| pedigree | shows the inheritance of a trait in a family through multiple generations, demonstrates dominant or recessive inheritance, and can also be used to deduce genotypes of family members |
| dominant | an allele that is always expressed |
| recessive | an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present |
| central dogma | protein synthesis |
| ribosomes | transcription takes place in... |
| mutation | any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
| frameshift mutation | shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
| nonsense mutation | a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein |
| missense mutation (conservative) | changes amino acid to another with the same properties; result in an amino acid change |
| missense mutation (nonconservative) | changes amino acid to another with the same properties; result in an amino acid change that has different properties than the wild type |
| non-mendelian genetics | inheritance patterns that express incomplete dominance |
| incomplete dominance | the blending of two alleles; one allele is not completely dominant over another |
| codominance | both alleles are completely and distinctly expressed, no blending |
| multiple alleles | more than two possible alleles exist for one trait |
| polygenes | one trait is controlled by 3 or more genes |
| sex-linked traits | traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes, (much easier for males to have recessive trait) |
| polygenic | many genes |
| karyotype | a display or image of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape |
| nondisjunction | failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis |
| pedigree square | male |
| pedigree circle | female |
| pedigree shaded shape | recessive |
| pedigree unshaded shape | dominant |
| pedigree half-shaded shape | carrier of a trait |
| dihybrid | a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes |
| monohybrid | a hybrid that is heterozygous with respect to a specific gene |
| (p generation) parental generation | the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross |
| point mutation | mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed |
| gene expression | process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function |
| DNA replication | the process of making a copy of DNA |
| leading strand | starts at 3' and easily goes to 5' |
| lagging strand | takes place in segments |
| plasma membrane | a selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells |
| hydrophilic | attracted to water |
| hydrophobic | water hating |
| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| phospholipids have | hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails |
| lipid | energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| permeable | able to be passed or soaked through |
| solutions | a mixture where substances are distributed evenly |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved |
| solvent | the substance in which the solute dissolves |
| passive transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell, high to low |
| active transport | movement of solutes against a concentration gradient; requires that the cell use energy, low to high |
| 3 types of passive transport | diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| solute and solvent | makes a solution |
| equilibrium | where molecules are uniformly distributed but continue to move randomly |
| simple diffusion | movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a membrane |
| types of osmosis | hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic |
| hypertonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
| hypotonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes |
| isotonic | when the concentration of two solutions is the same |
| isotonic solution | the concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal |
| hypertonic environment | concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside the cell, water will move outside the cell...the cell will shrink and die |
| hypotonic environment | concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside the cell, water will move inside the cell...the cell will swell, or burst, and die |
| facilitated diffusion | the diffusion of solutes through channel proteins in the plasma membrane; glucose moves in and out of cells |
| channel proteins | provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane |
| types of active transport | endocytosis and exocytosis |
| types of endocytosis | phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated |
| phagocytosis | occurs when undissolved solids enter a cell; the plasma membrane wraps around the solid material and engulfs it, forming a vesicle |
| phagocytic cells | attack and engulf bacteria in the manner |
| pinocytosis | occurs when dissolved materials enter a cell;the plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing the liquid to enter;the plasma membrane closes off the channel, encircling the liquid inside a vesicle |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | when specific molecules bind to specialized "receptors" (proteins) in the plasma membrane; the membrane, the receptors, and the ligands fold inward forming vesicles |
| ligands | a molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule |
| exocytosis | process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their content to the outside of the cell |
| cell transport | how things move in and out of the cell through the cell membrane |
| mitochondria | supply energy to the cell |
| organelles | specialized structures that work together inside a cell |
| compound microscope | played the biggest role in the discovery of cells by early scientists |
| prokaryotes | are unicellular |
| lysosomes | and organelle involved in breaking down lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, damage organelles and bacteria |
| order of cell cycle | interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis |
| cells only come from... | other cells dividing |
| interphase | where the cell spends most of its life |
| What happens in the lysogenic cycle? | virus inject nucleic acid into the host cell, and the nucleic acid integrates into the host cell DNA, and stay dormant for a long time |
| What happens in the lytic cycle? | virus quickly kills the host cell |
| prokaryotic cell does not have... | a nucleus |
| plant cells have cell wall | main difference between plant and animal cells |
| interphase. | (step one),the resting phase |
| prophase 1 (meiosis) | (step two),the chromosomes pair up, and the nuclear envelope breaks down, crossing-over occurs |
| metaphase 1 (meiosis) | (step three),pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the center of the cell, and attached to spindles |
| anaphase 1 (meiosis) | (step four),chromosomes separate |
| telophase 1 and cytokinesis (meiosis) | (step five),chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells, the cytoplasm divides, and the cell pinches in the middle |
| prophase | (step one) chromosomes are visible and more tightly coiled, nuclear envelope disappears,mitotic spindle begins to form as microtubules rapidly grow from the centrosomes |
| centrosomes | region where cells microtubules are initiated |
| microtubules | spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure |
| metaphase | (step two) chromosomes line up across center, spindle fibers attach to center of each chromosome |
| anaphase | (step three) chromosomes split, each half is pulled to opposite of cell |
| telophase | (step four) chromosomes cluster in the center of each new cell, nuclear membrane begins to form, cells begin to separate |
| cytokinesis | (step five) division of the cytoplasm, two daughter cells form |
| daughter cells | the two new cells that result from mitosis and cytokinesis, have the same number of chromosomes as parent cell |
| interphase* | (step six) cell grows and develops, towards the ends DNA doubles |
| homologous pair | a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, that have relatively similar structures and gene values |
| chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| somatic cells | any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells |
| somatic cells have... | 46 chromosomes forming 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes |
| homologous chromosomes are matched in... | length, centromere position, and staining pattern |
| gene | a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
| gametes | sex cells, egg or sperm |
| .gametes | said to be haploid cells because each cell has a single set of chromosomes |
| the human life cycle begins when.. | sperm fuses with egg |
| fertilization | process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell |
| zygote | fertilized egg, diploid |
| mitosis of a zygote... | generates all the somatic cells into adult form |
| meiosis | a type of cell division that produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms |
| prokaryotic cell | a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. |
| eukaryotic cell | cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
| virus | a tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell, only last within cell |
| capsid | outer protein coat of a virus |
| capsomer | a subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc |
| endosymbiosis theory | early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes |
| endosymbiosis | a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives within another |
| What did the host cell receive from its endosymbiont? | energy that it can use |
| endosymbiont | a cell that lives within a host cell |
| What did the endosymbiont receive from the host cell? | a safe place to live |
| bacteria | most diverse and widespread prokaryotes |
| archaea | prokaryotes that often live in Earth's extreme environments |
| eukarya | have eukaryotic cells and include; single-celled protists and multicellular fungi, animals, and plants |
| .virus | has only DNA or RNA core, capsid |
| there is no | cure for a virus |
| a virus can be | prevented |
| plant cell has... | large vacuole, chloroplast, nucleus to the side, cell membrane,no centrioles, and cell wall |
| animal cell has... | small vacuole, no chloroplast, nucleus in the center, no cell membrane, centrioles, and no cell wall |
| prokaryotic cells have... | no nucleus, small ribosomes, and free floating DNA |
| eukaryotic cells have... | a nucleus, large ribosomes, organized DNA |
| spikes on virus | penetrate host cell and cause infection |
| bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacteria |
| permeable membrane | a membrane that allows for diffusion of certain solutes and water |
| cancerous cell form because of... | uncontrollable cell growth forming masses called tumors |
| tumor | mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue |
| homeostasis | A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state |
| cells maintain homeostasis by... | controlling the movement of substances across the cell membrane |
| What is the ultimate goal for a cell to reach? | equilibrium |
| ATP | molecule that provides energy for active transport |
| vacuole | a small membrane sac used to transport substances during exocytosis and endocytosis |
| semi-permeable | membranes that allow some substances through but not others |
| How does a typical virus get inside the cell? | capsid proteins bind to receptors on the surface of a cell and "trick" the cell into allowing it inside |
| What occurs when viruses get inside cells? | It copies itself and then burst out of the cell |
| What would happen to a virus that never came in contact with a living cell? | The virus would be dead because viruses are not living unless attached to a host. |
| nucleolus | found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes |
| concentration gradient | a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. |
| golgi apparatus | a system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell |
| synthesis | combining parts into a whole |
| centromere | area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached |
| spindle fiber | one of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes |
| diploid | an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number |
| haploid | an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes |
| chromatid | one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome |
| chromatin | granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
| chloroplast | an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
| chlorophyll | green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis |
| cellular respiration | process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| chemical equation for photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| chemical equation for cellular respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| enzyme | a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. |
| scientific method | a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. |
| carbohydrate elements | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1 ratio, CHO) |
| monosaccharide (glucose) | carbohydrate monomer |
| carbohydrate function | immediate energy source, help cell wall, break down sugars giving energy |
| nucleic acid monomer | nitrogen base, sugar (s carbon ring), phosphate |
| nucleic acid element | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus (CHONP) |
| nucleic acid function | genetic material/info |
| purines | double ring, adenine and guanine, nitrogen base |
| pyrimidines | single ring, thymine and cytosine, nitrogen base |
| lipid molecules | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; hydrophobic molecules |
| no monomer | lipids have... |
| triglyceride | a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule |
| lipid function | store long term energy, form important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings |
| lipids contain | glycerol, fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids (at room temp.) |
| protein monomer | amino acids (20) |
| protein function | structure, enzymes, control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes,import cellular structures, fight disease |
| protein elements | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON) |
| protein shapes | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| enzymes... | increase rate of reaction without being consumed by reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to begin |
| shape specific | enzymes are... |
| it is broken down in the presence of water | everytime a macromolecule is broken down ... |
| activation | cofactors, coenzymes |
| inhibition | competitive, allosteric |
| competitive enzyme | block substances and reduce enzyme activity |
| noncompetitive enzyme | bind to enzyme ,not on activation site, change shape of active site preventing substance from binding, goes in allosteric site |
| protein enzymes | shape determines function |
| a certain favorable temperature | enzyme activation increases after... |
| DNA has... | double helix |
| DNA sugar | deoxyribose |
| DNA nitrogen bases | adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
| base pairing chargaff's law | that DNA from any cell of any organism should have a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio (base pair rule) of pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to thymi |
| RNA has... | single strand |
| RNA sugar | ribose |
| RNA nitrogen bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil |
| mRNA (messenger RNA) | carries genetic info from DNA to ribosomes |
| tRNA (transfer RNA) | transfers or carries amino acids to protein building ribosomes |
| rRNA (ribosome RNA) | an integrated part of ribosomes and are involved in assembling protein molecules |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| enzyme cycle step one | the enzyme is available with an empty active site |
| enzyme cycle step two | substrate binds to enzyme with induced fit |
| enzyme cycle step three | substrate is converted to products |
| enzyme cycle step four | the products are released |
| organic molecule | a molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems |
| macromolecule | a very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules |
| fermentation | process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen |
| thylakoid | a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy. |
| stroma | the fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
| calvin cycle | reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars |
| stomata | a microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant. |
| reactant | a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction |
| product | a substance that forms in a chemical reaction |
| light independent | set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light, dark reaction calvin cycle |
| light dependant | converts light into chemical energy, takes place in thylakoid |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
| independent variable | the thing that will be changed in each experiment |
| dependant variable | the variable that relies on the independent variable |
| conclusion | a summary based on evidence or facts |
| variable | a factor that can change in an experiment |
| observation | information obtained through the senses |
| polymer | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
| glycerol | a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon, combines fatty acids to make lipids |
| coenzyme | a non protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme. |
| cofactor | a non protein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme |
| active site | the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs |
| glycolysis | the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid |
| cytoplasm | glycolysis takes place in the...6 |
Created by:
tiiff_an.y
Popular Biochemistry sets