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SOC DVNC CRME 2020
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian SOC "Deviance & Crime" Tst 2020
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do Sociologists define the term "gang"?` | This group defines this term as "an ongoing group of people, often young, who band together for purposes generally considered to be deviant or criminal by the larger society". |
| What does the term "clique" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a friendship circle whose members identify one another as mutually connected". |
| According to Adler and Adler (1998), what are the 3 characteristics of "cliques"? | 1.) Have a hierarchical structure; 2.) They are dominated by leaders; 3.) They are exclusive in nature (so that not all individuals who desire membership are accepted). |
| What is one (1) "significant difference" between "cliques" and "gangs"? | Gangs play a large role in the economy of many low-income urban neighborhoods, where residents often believe that they must do whatever is necessary to survive. |
| What does the term "deviance" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "any behavior, belief, or conditions that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs. |
| According to Sociologist Kai T. Erikson, how is "deviance" defined? | This researcher stated that "deviance is a formal property of social situations & social structure . . . it is a property conferred upon (certain forms of behavior) by audiences which directly or indirectly witness them". |
| What does the term "crime" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions". |
| What does the term "juvenile delinquency" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people". |
| What does the term "social control" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms. rules, and laws to discourage deviance". |
| What is the difference between "internalized" and "externalized sanctions"? | Internalized social control takes place through the socialization process, while externalized social control "involves the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth punishments for rule breakers". |
| What does the term "criminology" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons". |
| How do sociologists determine what is considered "deviant" behavior? | This group of researchers '...(tries) to determine what types of behavior are defined as deviant, who does the defining, how & why people become deviants, & how society deals with deviants". |
| What two (2) theories of "deviance" were developed by Functionalist theorists? | This group of theorists developed the ideas of "Strain Theory" and "Opportunity Theory" in relation to "deviance". |
| What does the Functionalist idea of "Strain Theory" state? | This theory states that "people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals". |
| Who developed the idea of "Strain Theory"? | Sociologist Robert Merton developed this idea. |
| What three (3) things do contemporary Functionalist theorists suggest related to why "deviance" is universal? | 1.) Deviance clarifies rules. 2.) Deviance unites a group. 3.) Deviance promotes social change. |
| What are the 5 ways that people adapt to cultural goals and approved ways of achieving them according to Robert Merton? | 1.) Conformity; 2.) Innovation; 3.) Ritualism; 4.) Retreatism; 5.) Rebellion. |
| According to Sociologists Richard Cloward & Lloyd Ohlin, what are "illegitimate opportunity structures"? | These are "circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels". |
| How to Conflict theorists define "deviance"? | This group suggests that "the lifestyles considered 'deviant' by political and economic elites are often defined as illegal". |
| Why are norms and laws established according to Conflict theorists? | According to this group, "...norms and laws are established for the benefit of those in power and do not reflect any absolute standard of right and wrong". |
| How does Marxist/critical theory view "deviance"? | This group of Conflict theorists views "...deviance and crime as a function of the capitalist economy system". They believe that laws and the criminal justice system are established to protect the power & privilege of the capitalist class". |
| What does the "liberal feminist approach" state where "deviance" is concerned? | This approach states that "women's deviance & crime are a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families & the workplace". |
| What does the "radical feminist approach" state where "deviance" is concerned? | This approach states that "the cause of women's crime originates in patriarchy (male domination over women)". |
| What does the "Marxist (socialist) feminist approach" state where "deviance" is concerened? | This approach "is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy". |
| Why do some women turn to crimes such as shoplifting according to "Marxist feminist" theorists? | This group of theorists believes that this happens because "most females have relatively low-wage jobs (if any) and few economic resources". |
| How are "...lower-income women further victimized" according to "Marxist feminists"? | This group of theorists believes that this happens because women are often targets of violent acts by lower-class males, who perceive themselves as being powerless in the capitalist economic system". |
| What is "differential association theory" according to Symbolic Interactionist theorists? | This group of theorists states that "people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity". |
| What does "differential reinforcement theory" state according to Symbolic Interactionist theorists? | This theory "suggests that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes". |
| What does the "rational choice theory of deviance" state according to Symbolic Interactionists? | This theory "states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions". |
| What does "social bond theory" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the theory that "holds that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken". |
| What does "labeling theory" state? | This theory "states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly". |
| What does the term "primary deviance" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the initial act of rule breaking". |
| What does the term "secondary deviance" mean/ refer to? | This "occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior". |
| When does "tertiary deviance" occur? | This "occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant". |
| What do Postmodernist theorists emphasize where "deviance" is concerned? | This group "emphasizes that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert control over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose". |
| What does "violent crime" consist of? | This consists of "actions -murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault-involving force or the threat of force against others". |
| What does "property crime" include? | "This includes burglary (breaking into private property to commit serious crime), motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft (theft of property worth $50 or more), and arson". |
| What is "public crime"? | This involves an illegal action voluntarily engaged in by the participants (EX: prostitution, illegal gambling, & the private use of illegal drugs). |
| Why are some crimes called "victimless crimes"? | Some crimes are called this "because they involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults". |
| What comprises "occupational (white-collar) crime"? | This "comprises illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs". |
| What is "corporate crime"? | These are "illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support". |
| What is "organized crime"? | This is "a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit". |
| What does "political crime" mean/ refer to? | This refers to "illegal or unethical acts involving usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders who want to undermine/overthrow it". |
| What does the term "criminal justice system" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the more than 55,000 local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate criminals". |
| What does the term "punishment" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed". |
| Historically speaking, what have been the 4 major goals of "punishment"? | 1.) Retribution. 2.) General deterrence. 3.) Incapacitation. 4.) Rehabilitation. |
| Who are the most frequent victims of crime? | Young males of color between the ages of 12 and 24 are the most frequent victims. |
| What are "mandatory sentencing guidelines"? | These are established by law and require a person convicted of a specific offense or series of offenses be given a penalty within a fixed range. |
| What are "determinate sentences"? | These "set the term of imprisonment at a fixed period of time (such as three years) for a specific offense". |
| List two (2) examples of "structural solutions" at reducing street crime. | 1.) Better education. 2.) Affordable housing. |
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