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Chapter 7
AP Human Geography
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| religion | system of beliefs that order life in terms of ultimate priorities and direct behavior and practices in reference to achieving the ultimate priorities |
| secularism | indifference to or rejection of religion |
| monotheistic religion | belief in one god |
| polytheistic religion | belief in many gods |
| animistic religion | traditional or indigenous religion where animals or objects are significant |
| universalizing religion | a religion believed by its followers to have universal application to which followers actively seek converts |
| ethnic religion | a religion into which people are born and whose followers do not actively seek converts |
| hinduism | religion based on a range of beliefs, including karma and reincarnation; began around 2000 BCE and does not have a single founder; hearth in indus valley (present-day pakistan) |
| caste system | social structure of south asian society dating to the indus civilization (2500-1800 BCE) where people are born into their place in society |
| buddhism | religion based on the belief that humans can reach enlightenment by following the middle path; splintered from hinduism in the 6th century BCE; hearth in lumbini and sarnath (present-day nepal/india) |
| shintoism | religion located in japan and related to buddhism; focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship |
| feng shui | chinese art and science of placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities; structures and objects are positioned to channel flow of sheng-chi (life-breath) in favorable ways |
| confucianism | political philosophy that values benevolence, loyalty, and diligence within the structure of the family and the government; developed in 6th to 5th centuries BCE; hearth in china and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Asian nature |
| Judaism | religion based on the belief in one god who revealed himself to and entered a covenant with Abraham; dates to 2000 BCE; hearth in present-day Israel. |
| diaspora | dispersal of people from their homeland to a new place, either voluntarily or by force |
| zionism | movement for the establishment of a national homeland for jews in the land between the mediterranean sea and the jordan river |
| christianity | religion based on the belief that jesus was born as the son of god, was crucified, and was resurrected to atone for peoples' sins; developed out of Judaism in 1st century CE; hearth in bethlehem and jerusalem (present-day palestine/israel) |
| roman catholic church | one of the three major branches of christianity |
| eastern orthodox church | one of the three major branches of christianity |
| protestant | one of the three major branches of christianity |
| islam | religion based on the belief in one god who revealed himself to the prophet Muhammad; dates to 7th century CE; hearth in mecca and medina in present-day saudi arabia |
| sunni | sect of islam that believes muhammad's successor did not need to be a blood relative of muhammad |
| shi'ite | sect of islam that believes muhammad's successor needed to be a blood relative of muhammad; found commonly in and around iran |
| indigenous religions | belief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within an indigenous tribe or group |
| sacred sites | a place infused with religious or spiritual meaning |
| hajj | muslim pilgrimage to mecca, the birthplace of muhammad |
| interfaith boundaries | boundaries between the world's major faiths |
| intrafaith boundaries | boundaries between sects within a single major faith |
| religious fundamentalism | religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy |
| religious extremism | religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence |
| jihad | commonly translated as "holy war"; represents either a person or collective struggle on the part of muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the qu'ran |
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zoeweissman
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