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Hicks HISTORY STAAR
8th Grade U.S. History STAAR Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reasons for exploration | Religion (God), wealth (gold), fame & international recognition (glory) |
| When is Jamestown founded? | 1607 |
| What is the first permanent English settlement? | Jamestown |
| When is Plymouth founded? | 1620 |
| What did the pilgrims do in Plymouth? | Signed the Mayflower Compact to establish self-government. |
| What was the first representative assembly in North America? | Virginia House of Burgesses |
| Why were the colonies established? | religious and political freedom as well as economic opportunity (mercantilism and opportunity to own land) |
| What were the New England colonies? | CT, NH, MA, RI |
| When were the New England colonies settled and by whom? | Pilgrims (1620) and Puritans (1630s) to escape religious persecution in England |
| What were the Middle Colonies? | NY, NJ, PA, DE |
| Why was NY important? | trading area |
| Who founded Pennsylvania? | William Penn (for religious freedom) |
| What were the Southern Colonies? | VA, MD, NC, SC, GA |
| Who founded Maryland? | Catholics feeling religious persecution. |
| Why was Georgia created? | For debtors |
| What were conflicts that occurred with Native Americans? | Early settlers; and French & Indian War |
| Why was slavery established? | The need for cheap laborers to grow cash crops encouraged this for white settlers. |
| Where did farmers grow their crops? | Plantations in the south using slaves to do the work so they could produce the cash crops cheaply. |
| When did slavery become controversial? | When America acquired new territories. |
| Who was the founder of Connecticut? | Thomas Hooker |
| Who was the "Father of American Democracy?" | Thomas Hooker |
| What was the "first written Constitution?" | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut adopted by Connecticut. |
| How was Pennsylvania established? | Refuge for Quakers. William Penn supported freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require residents to serve in a militia. |
| Who was one of the founders of Rhode Island? | Anne Hutchinson |
| Who was banished from Massassachusetts colony? | Anne Hutchinson |
| What occurred in French & Indian War? | British colonists wanted to take over French land in North America. British soldiers fought against French soldiers and Native Americans. |
| Who did the Native Americans fight for in the French & Indian War? | French |
| When did the French & Indian War end? | 1763 with the Treaty of Paris |
| What resulted from the French & Indian War? | British began taxing colonists to pay for the war. Proclamation line of 1763 was established. |
| Why was the Proclamation Line of 1763 established? | To keep colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains. |
| What was the American reaction to the Sugar Act? | taxation without representation |
| What was the Stamp Act? | Tax on documents |
| What was the American reaction to the Stamp Act? | protests; Sons of Liberty form |
| What were the Townshend Acts? | Tax on imported goods |
| What was the American reaction to the Townshend Acts? | Boycott British |
| What was the American reaction to the Tea Act? | Boston Tea Party |
| What are the Intolerable Acts? | Closed Boston |
| What was the American reaction to the Intolerable Acts? | Formed First Continental Congress |
| Declaration of Independence | Document written by Thomas Jefferson, claiming independence from Great Britain based on the philosophies of Locke, Montesquieu, and Blackstone (1776) |
| What was the first battle of the American Revolution? | Lexington & Concord |
| What occurred at Lexington & Concord? | British planned to arrest American leaders; Paul Revere made famous ride to warn about the British attack |
| What was the turning point of the American Revolution? | Battle of Saratoga |
| What occurred at the Battle of Saratoga? | important victory because it influenced foreign nations to support America in its war against England; France used its Navy in the Americans effort for victory. |
| What was the last major battle of the American Revolution? | Yorktown |
| What occurred at Yorktown? | French ships prevented British supplies. British surrendered because of lack of supplies. British lost hope of winning war and began negotiating Treat of Paris 1783 |
| What ended the American Revolution? | Treaty of Paris 1783 |
| What occurred with the Treaty of Paris 1783 | 13 colonies became independent from England. Boundaries of the new nation were Mississippi River to west, Canada to North, and Spanish Florida to south. |
| John Locke | Writings on the nature of government influenced the founding fathers. Government is developed by the consent of the people and inalienable rights (life, liberty & property) |
| Charles de Montesquieu | French political philosopher who defined the principle of separation of powers and checks & balances in government. |
| William Blackstone | gave the 1st University lectures on English Common Law. |
| George Mason | writings influenced new government. He believed in the need to restrict government power and refused to ratify the Constitution until the Bill of Rights were added. |
| Magna Carta | Limited the power of the King; guaranteed the right of trial by jury. |
| English Bill of Rights | called for frequent elections; guaranteed right to bear arms, forbade cruel and unusual punishment; restated trial by jury. |
| George Washington | Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, President of the Constitutional Convention, and First US President. Helped create a strong central government. |
| Samuel Adams | Boston Patriot who opposed British taxation. He established the committee of correspondence. Leader of the Sons of Liberty and insisted a Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution before ratification. |
| Benjamin Franklin | author, publisher, inventor and diplomat |
| Alexander Hamilton | author of many of the Federalist Papers; First Secretary of Treasury; Leader of the Federalist Party |
| Patrick Henry | Patriot from Virginia, opposed ratification of Constitution because of potential limitations on state's rights. "Give me liberty, or give me death!" |
| James Madison | "Father of the Constitution". One of the 3 authors of the "Federalist Papers", author of the "Bill of Rights". |
| Thomas Paine | wrote Common Sense and American Crisis. He urged Americans to support the Patriot cause during the American Revolution. |
| Abigail Adams | wife of John Adams, known for her stance on women's rights in letters to her husband |
| Wentworth Cheswell | Educated African-American Patriot, made the same midnight ride as Paul Revere warning that the British were coming. |
| Mercy Otis Warren | Patriot writer that supported independence and convinced others to join the cause. First woman historian of the American Revolution, published plays, books and poetry. |
| James Armistead | African-American spy during the American Revolution. Spied on Lord Cornwallis' camp. |
| Bernardo de Galvez | Spaniard who held off British in New Orleans, but allowed Americans use of the port. |
| Crispus Attucks | American hero and martyr of the Boston Massacre |
| Marquis de Lafayette | French noble who helped Americans during the Revolutionary War. |
| John Paul Jones | Founder of the US Navy. Led raids on British ships and famous for yelling "I have not yet begun to fight" |
| King George III | King of England during the American Revolution |
| Articles of Confederation | Created just before the Battle of Yorktown. This was first attempt at national government by the American colonies. Its weaknesses were the lack of a strong central government. |
| Philadelphia Convention | Delegates met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation; instead they wrote an entirely new constitution and formed a new government. |
| Anti-Federalist | opposes ratification of Constitution |
| Federalist | supports ratification of Constitution |
| Anti-Federalist says | Too much government power. Took too much power from states. Tyranny of the Majority. Legislative should be more powerful than Executive branch. Needed Bill of Rights to protect individuals. |
| Federalist says... | Creates checks & balances to prevent tyranny. Tyranny of Majority not possible because of US diversity. Supported Bill of Rights to be added after ratification. Federalist Papers wer written to support a new Constitution. |
| 1787 | Constitution Ratified. |
| Federalists - Important Leaders | John Adams and Alexander |
| Anti-Federalists - Important Leaders | Thomas Jefferson and James Madison |
| Bill of Rights: 1st Amendment | Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, Petition, and Assembly |
| Bill of Rights: 2nd Amendment | Right to bear Arms |
| Bill of Rights: 3rd Amendment | protection from quartering troops |
| Bill of Rights: 4th Amendment | protection from unreasonable search and seizure |
| Bill of Rights: 5th Amendment | grand jury, protection from self incrimination |
| Bill of Rights: 6th Amendment | right to jury for criminal trial, speedy trial |
| Bill of Rights: 7th Amendment | Right to jury in civil |
| Bill of Rights: 8th Amendment | No cruel and unusual punishment, excessive bail |
| Bill of Rights: 9th Amendment | Protection of rights not stated in the Constitution |
| Bill of Rights: 10th Amendment | Powers not listed go to the states and people |
| Exploration | 1587-1607 |
| Colonization | 1607-1763 |
| American Revolution | 1763-1783 |
| Formation of American Government (Constitution) | 1783-1791 |
| Early Republic | 1789-1828 |
| Age of Jackson | 1820s-1830s |
| Industrial Revolution | 1800s-1850s |
| Westward Expansion | 1780s-1850s |
| Reform Era | 1800s-1850s |
| Sectionalism | 1820s-1850s |
| Civil War | 1860-1865 |
| Reconstruction | 1865-1877 |
| What group opposed ratification of the Constitution because they believed the national government had too much power, and took too much power away from states | Anti-Federalists |
| What meeting in Philadelphia in 1787was to revise the Articles, that led to writing a new government with a federal system? | Constitutional Convention |
| What group supported ratification of the Constitution? | Federalists |
| What series of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, defended the Constitution's system of separation of powers and checks and balances | The Federalist Papers |
| What group, including George Mason, argued for a Bill of Rights to protect people from abuse by the powerful national government? | Anti-Federalists |
| What is the period known as that includes the first 5 presidents and their efforts to define the authority of the government and set foreign and domestic policies? | The Early Republic |
| What decided the debate on representation in Congress by creating a bicameral legislature where the House would have proportional representation, while the Senate would have equal? | The Great Compromise |
| The Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan were both plans for what? | Congressional Representation |
| What compromise solved the dispute over how slaves would count towards representation in Congress and taxation? | Three-Fifths Compromise |
| What early president encouraged no political parties and isolationism, and set many precedents such as the cabinet? | Washington |
| What president faced such issues as the XYZ Affair with France, and the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts? | John Adams |
| What president purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, and passed the Embargo Act in 1807 to avoid war with France? | Thomas Jefferson |
| What president led the US in the War of 1812, and was also known as "Father of the Constitution" for his work at the Convention? | James Madison |
| What president warned Europe to consider the Americans CLOSED to any further colonization, changing US foreign policy? | James Monroe (Monroe Doctrine) |
| What war with Britain due to impressment, violating US free trade and arming Natives, led to an increase in US manufacturing and a decrease in dependence on foreign imports? | War of 1812 |
| After the War of 1812, the U.S. entered a period of national unity known as the Era of ? | Good Feelings |
| What sparked the Industrial Revolution by blocking the US from importing goods, such as British textiles? Therefore, the US had to start making their own (Lowell's factories) | War of 1812 |
| In Washington's presidency, Alexander Hamilton's financial policies that included a national bank led to the formation of what? | political parties |
| What early political party supported Hamilton's financial policies, a strong national government, loose interpretation of the Constitution, and an industrial economy? | Federalists |
| What early political party was formed by Jefferson, and favored stronger state governments, strict interpretation of the Constitution and an agrarian economy? | Democratic-Republicans |
| What amendment protects the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition? | 1st |
| What amendment solves a grievance in the Declaration of Independence by protecting citizens from quartering soldiers in their homes? | 3rd |
| What amendment guarantees a federal system by stating all powers not awarded to the national government are reserved for the staets? | 10th |
| What principle of the Constitution means that people are the source of the government's power? | popular sovereignty |
| What principle states that the wishes of the people are represented by elected officials? | republicanism |
| What principle divides the power of government into 3 branches, each with their own powers? | separation of powers |
| What principle creates a system of checks on the power of branches to keep one from gaining too much power? | checks and balances |
| What principle puts restrictions on the power of the government? | limited government |
| The first 10 amendments protect people from the power of the government, in a principle known as what? | individual rights |
| A person who goes through a legal process to become a citizen of the U.S., such as be 18, speak/write English and take a test | naturalized citizen |
| Process the government must follow in order to punish you for a crime, such as provide a fair trial.... | due process |
| amendment where a separate ballot is cast for Pres and Vice Pres to avoid ties and unusual outcomes | 12th |
| natural rights that people are born with, and cannot be taken away without due process | unalienable rights |
| What is the idea that as many people as possible should be allowed to vote? | Jacksonian Democracy |
| What war and battle made Jackson a war hero? | War of 1812, Battle of New Orleans |
| Who did Jackson appeal to? | the Common Man |
| How did Jackson solve the conflict between the settlers and the Natives? | Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears |
| What court case did Jackson ignore, that actually ruled to protect the Cherokee from relocation? | Worcester V. Georgia |
| How did Jackson get rid of the national bank, which he thought favored the wealthy? | Veto |
| What event in 1832, did South Carolina threaten to secede over high tariffs? | Nullification Crisis |
| What did Southern states argue they had a right to do if the national government imposed a law on them that was unconstitutional, such as the Tariff of Abominations and the Alien and Sedition Acts? | nullify it |
| What war did the U.S. fight over the border of Texas, which led to the US getting the Southwestern portion of the U.S.? | Mexican War |
| What is the territory called that the US received from Mexico in the Mexican War? | Mexican Cession |
| What territory south of the Mexican Cession did the US later purchase to build a railroad? | Gadsden Purchase |
| What is the idea that American is destined to extend from coast to coast and spread democracy and culture? | Manifest Destiny |
| How did Americans act on the belief in Manifest Destiny? | moving West, along trails that crossed rough terrain and harsh conditions |
| What invention by Robert Fulton allowed goods to be transported more cheaply and efficiently? | steam boat |
| What advancement connected the Hudson River to the Great Lakes, and led to the growth of cities such as New York? | Erie Canal |
| What made it easier to transport people and goods, and linked the East and West? | canals, then railroads |
| What led to the growth of cities, trade and the migration of people? | railroads |
| During what era was the domestic system of production replaced with machines ran by unskilled workers? | Industrial Revolution |
| What replaced skilled workers? | unskilled factory workers who worked long hours in dangerous conditions |
| Why did the U.S. industrialize? | new inventions, plenty of workers and natural resources, a laissez faire government, free enterprise |
| What economic system is where private citizens own businesses and risk their capital to make a profit? | Free enterprise |
| In a free enterprise system, what determines prices of goods? | supply and demand |
| What is laissez-faire? | little government involvement in the economy |
| Why did the Irish come to the US? | to escape the Potato Famine and find work in industries |
| What is nativism? | feelings against immigrants |
| What machine increased the use of slavery to fuel the textile industry? | cotton gin |
| What process was develop to efficiently produce steel? | Bessemer process |
| As industrialization occurred, urbanization also did, which is the growth of what? | cities |
| As industrialization and urbanization increased, many new social problems were created. This led to what era? | Age of Reform |
| What led to statehood for California? | gold rush |
| What law of 1787 created a orderly process for admitting new states into the Union? | Northwest Ordinance |
| What problem did new territories cause? | upsetting the balance of free and slave states |
| Who refused to pay taxes that would support the Mexican War, and therefore, the expansion of slavery? He also developed transcendentalism. | Henry David Thoreau |
| What is the loyalty to one's region? | sectionalism |
| Who often made Compromises to settle sectional disputes? | Henry Clay |
| What region of the US became industrialized? | the North |
| What region of the US was dependent upon the plantation system and slavery? | the South |
| What protected northern businesses from foreign competition, but led to higher prices in the South? | tariffs |
| What territory did the US gain in 1819 in the Spanish Cession? | Florida |
| What court case said the supreme court had the right to judicial review, or review acts of the President and Congress to determine legality under the Constitution? | Marbury V. Madison (1803) |
| What case, under chief Justice John Marshall, said the federal government had the right to regulate interstate commerce? | Gibbons V. Ogden |
| What court case said a state could not tax a national bank and increased the power of the national government? | McCulloch V. Maryland |
| What is the social movement to end slavery, led by Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth and William Lloyd Garrison? | abolition |
| Led by Horace Mann, what movement led to free public schools in the north? | Education |
| What is the social movement where workers began to go on strike and form unions to get better wages, hours and conditions? | labor |
| What movement sought the equal treatment of women, including suffrage? | women's rights |
| What social movement called to stop drinking alcohol? | temperance |
| Which region had already outlawed slavery prior to the Civil War? | north |
| What was the abolitionist newspaper by William Lloyd Garrison? | The Liberator |
| Who is the escaped slave who led others to freedom on the Underground Railroad, and was referred to as "Moses"? | Harriet Tubman |
| Which two abolitionists had escaped slavery, and toured the nation speaking for abolition? | Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth |
| Who wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin" which portrayed the horrors of slavery and helped spark the Civil War? | Harriet Beecher Stowe |
| What event in 1832 increased sectional conflicts between the North and South over tariffs? | Nullification Crisis |
| What was the conflict from 1854 to 1859 between pro and anti-slavery people? | Bleeding Kansas |
| What compromise in 1820 preserved the balance of free and slave states by admitting Missouri as a slave state, and Maine as a free state? | Missouri Compromise |
| What allowed popular sovereignty on the slavery issue in Kansas and Nebraska? | Kansas and Nebraska Act |
| Who led the women's rights movement for suffrage? | Susan B. Anthony |
| What was the women's rights movement in New York? | Seneca Falls |
| Who authored a declaration of women's rights, and helped organize the Seneca Falls convention with Lucretia Mott? | Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
| What area did Dorothea Dix fight for reform in? | the mentally ill |
| What was the religious movement that help begin the era of reform? | Second Great Awakening |
| What was the group of artists who painted landscapes? | The Hudson River School |
| Who was John James Audubon? | painter of birds; most comprehensive study on American birds |
| When was the Civil War? | 1861-1865 |
| Why did the first 7 states secede? | Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, was elected POTUS |
| Who was the President of the Confederate States of America? | Jefferson Davis |
| Who was the commander of the Union Army, and future POTUS? He accepted Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. | Ulysses S. Grant |
| Confederate general who won early victories, but lost the Battle of Antietam and Gettysburg was? | Robert E. Lee |
| What was the Emancipation Proclamation? | document issued by Lincoln in 1863 that freed the slaves in the Confederacy (although in reality, it freed few) |
| First battle of the Civil War? | Fort Sumter |
| What was the single bloodiest battle? | Antietam |
| What battle did Lincoln give a famous speech for, stating that the USA was worth fighting for? | Gettysburg |
| Where did Lee surrender? | Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia |
| What was the process for admitting the southern states back into the US after the Civil War? | Reconstruction; 1865-1877 |
| What was the 10% Plan? | presidential reconstruction plan, where 10% of a state's population had to take an oath to the US, and the state had to adopt the 13th amendment |
| Who wanted to use the federal government to impose a new order on the South and grant citizenship to former slaves? | Radical republicans |
| Which amendment freed the slaves? | 13th |
| Which amendment granted citizenship to freed slaves, as well as protects the rights of all citizens, born or naturalized | 14th |
| Which amendment granted voting rights to African American males? | 15th |
| Who was the first African American to be elected to the U.S. senate? | Hiram Rhodes Revels |
| Who was the naval fighter who won the Congressional medal of honor? | Philip Bazaar |
| What was the cause of the Civil War? | states' rights over slavery, tariffs, secession.... |
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