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Microbiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Statements concerning viruses is NOT correct: -virus is a genetic element that can only replicate in living or recently killed cells -virion is the extracellular form of a virus, - outside the host cell, virions facilitate trans mission | A Virus is a genetic element that can replicate only in a living (or recently killed) host cell |
| Which statement is correct? Even though viruses are not organisms, they cam still..... - carry out metabolism - make proteins using their own ribosomes - replicate without a host cell - undergo rapid evolution | undergo rapid evolution |
| NOT correct statements: - a capsid is a protein shell around genome - capsomeres are identical proteins that make up capsid - an envelope surrounds all animal viruses - nucleocapsid is composed of nucleic acid and capsid | an envelope surrounds all animal viruses |
| NOT correct statements: Viral genomes are - composed of DNA/RNA - single/double stranded - either linear/circular - either minus sense (same as mRNA) or plus sense (complementary to mRNA), in single stranded RNA viruses | either minus sense (same as mRNA) or plus sense (complementary to mRNA), in single stranded RNA viruses |
| NOT correct statements: viral symmetry: - icosahedral is most effiecient due to high number of capsomeres needed - viruses have either helical/icosahedral - helical (rod-shaped) is the length of the genome - icosahedral symmetry, are spherical | icosahedral symmetry is the most efficient arrangement of sub unites in a closed shell but requires a remarkably high number of capsomeres |
| NOT correct (Viruse replication): - attachment/absorption virion attaches to surface of host - penetration/entry of nucleic acid - synthesis using viral ribosomes - synthesis using host cell ribosomes | synthesis of viral proteins using viral ribosomes |
| NOT stage of bacterial virus replication - Eclipse: genome replication, proteins translated - Maturation: packing of nucleic acids into capsids - Latent: eclipse + maturation - Burst size: number of virions released | burst size: number of virions released |
| NOT correct (bacteriophage): - receptors on cell surfaces doe not have specific roles in cell functions - attachment is major factor - attachment requires complementary receptors on the surface of susceptable host - receptors include protiens, carbs | virus receptors on cells surfaces do not have specific roles in cellular functions |
| NOT correct about viral penetration: - the capsid remains on cell surface to receive new viral nucleic acid - viral genome is injected into host - lysozyme is used to create a hole - bacterial virus penetration differs from animal virus penetration | the capsid remains on the cell surface to receive new viral nucleic acid once it is made |
| NOT correct about bacteriophage infection - prokaryotes possess mechanisms to diminish viral infections - host cells restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cleave DNA - bacteriophages are unable to protect their DNA from cleavage in host cell | bacteriophages are unable to protect their DNA against cleavage by the host's restriction endonucleases because the viruses cannot make base substitutions in their DNA |
| NOT correct virus infection: - virulent bacteriophages always lyse and kill host - temperate viruses replicate their genomes in tandem with host genome - in lysogeny, most viral genes are still transcribed - lysogen: host harbors temperate virus | in lysogeny most viral genes are still transcribed |
| NOT correct: - lysogeny: viral genome is either integrated into the bacterial host cell chromosome, or it exists as a plasmid - lysogeny is maintained by a phage-encoded repressor - activation of repressor induces the lytic stage | activation or the repressor induces lytic stage |
| NOT correct (animal infections) - the synthesis of the genome of most viruses occurs in the cytoplasm - most are classified by their genomes - most important are caused by RNA viruses - the entire virion enters the animal cell during penetration | in animal virus infections, the synthesis of genome of most viruses occurs in the cytoplasm |
| NOT correct: In viral infections of animal cells: - viruses bind to specific host cell receptors not used for other functions - different tissue/organs express different cell surface proteins - viruses often only infect certain tissues | animal viruses bind to specific host cell receptors that are not used for other cellular functions |
| NOT correct: animal viruses - uncoating (breakdown of envelope) occurs at the cytoplasmic membrane or in cytoplasm - viral DNA genomes ender cell nucleus - most viral dna is converted to RNA within the nucleocapsid - virions bind to specific receptor | most viral DNA is converted to RNA within the nucleocapsid |
| NOT correct: animal viruses - virulent infection: lysis of host cell - lysogeny: temperate viruses replicate genomes in tandem with host genome and without killing host - persistent infection: release of virions by budding from host cell occurs | lysogeny: temperate viruses replicate their genomes in tandem with the host genome and without killing the host |
| NOT correct: retroviruses - retrovirus: DNA viruses that replicate through an RNA intermediate - important retrovirus is HIV - retroviruses contain three major proteins: reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease - are enveloped viruses | Retroviruses are DNA viruses that replicate through an RNA intermediate |
| NOT correct: gene possessed by retrovirus: -gag encoded structural gene - pol encodes reverse transcriptase and integrase - env encodes envelope protein -rep encodes nucleic acid replicase | rep encodes replicase |
| What is an early step in Retrovirus replication? - entrance into cell, removal of viral envelope, at cell membrane - transcription of retroviral DNA - assembly and packaging of genomic DNA - budding of enveloped virions and release from cell | entrance into the cell, with removal of viral envelope, occurs at the cell membrane |
| which one of the following is a late step in retrovirus replication? -reverse transcription of one RNA genome begins in the nucleocapsid -budding of enveloped virion -reverse transcriptase uses the single strand of DNA to make complementary strand | budding of enveloped virions and their release from the cell takes place |
| NOT correct : -mutation is non-heritable change in DNA - phenotype refers to the observable properties - wild-type strain, the strain isolated from nature - mutant is the cell/virus derived from the wild type but has a change in nucleotide sequence | a mutation is a non-heritable change in a DNA sequence that can lead to a change in phenotype |
| NOT correct - mutant strain will always defer from wild type - selectable mutation confers an advantage - non-selectable mutation does not confer and an advantage - replica plating can screen for defective mutants | a mutant strain will always defer from the wild type, in phenotype |
| NOT correct: a parental strain called a prototroph with respect to nutritional requirements - auxotroph has an additional nutritional requirement than does prototroph - reduced mutation is made environmentally and deliberately - spontaneous mutation | a reduced mutation is made environmentally and deliberately |
| NOT correct: point mutations - changes a single codon of nucleotides - can lead to a single amino acid change in a protein - can lead to an incomplete protein - can lead to no change at all | is a mutation that changes a single codon of nucleotides |
| NOT correct: base-pair sub. - nonsense mutations stop the addition of nucleic acids to a growing chain - missense mutations change the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain - silent (invisible) mutations do not effect the sequence - | nonsense mutations stop the addition of nucleic acids in a growing polypeptide chain, typically resulting in a truncated (incomplete) protein that last normal activity |
| NOT correct - transitions are purines substituted for other purines - trasnformation are purines substituted for pyrimidines or vice versa - a frameshift mutation results from the deletion of insertion of a single base pair | transformations are purines substituted for pyrimidines or vice versa |
| NOT correct: insertions/deletions of nucleic acids - can result in gain or loss of hundreds to thousands of base pairs - never result in the complete loss of a gene - may arise from error during recombination - transposable elements insertions | never result in complete loss of gene function |
| NOT correct: - mutation rates depend on the frequency of DNA changes - point mutation are not typically reversible - errors in DNA replication occur at high frequency - since a typical gene is about 1kb, is same freq. as a gene in same range | point mutations are not typically reversible |
| NOT correct: - eukaryotes have 10X higher error rates than bacteria -DNA viruses have 100-1000X higher error rates than bacteria - single base errors are more likely to lead to missense mutations - second most frequent single base change | Eukaryotes have 10X higher error rates than bacteria |
| NOT correct: - to detect the exchange in DNA recombinant cells must be phenotypically the same in both parents - recombination is the physical exchange of DNA - Homologous recombination results in genetic exchange between homologous | to detect the exchange of DNA, recombinant cells must be phenotypically the same in both parents |
| NOT correct: - in transformation, transduction, or conjucation the entire donor chromosome enters the recipient cell - recombant must take place with recipient, or donor DNA lost - merodiploid strain carries two copies of particular chrom. segment | in transformation, transduction of conjugation, the entir donor chromosome enters the recipient |
| NOT correct: - cells not naturally transformable cannot be made competent by specific procedures - transfromation is a genetic transfer process by which free DNA is incorporated - competent cell is a cell that can take up DNA - naturally transformabl | cells not naturally transformable cannot be made competentby specific procedures |
| NOT correct: - natural transformation starts with irreversible DNA binding - competent cells bind up to 1000X more DNA than noncompetent - linear DNA is 1st bound by a DNA-binding protein similar to a pilus - RecA integrates new DNA into existing DNA | natural transformation starts with irreversible DNA binding that becomes reversible |
| NOT correct: Viral infection of animals - specialized transduction, DNA from a specific region of the host chromosome is integrated directly into virus genome - transduction is known to be prevalent in many species of Archaea | transduction is known to be prevalent in many species of Archaea |
| NOT correct: Generalized transduction - recipients of transducing particles may recombine DNA - virtually any gene can be transformed - upon lysis, transducing particles and normal virions - sometimes host DNA is accidently packaged into phage, form- | recipients of transducing particles may recombine DNA into the host cell chromosome at high efficiency: almost every cell is transduced |
| NOT correct: specialized transduction -there is no limit to the amount of host DNA that can replace phage DNA -upon induction viral DNA sometime excises incorrectly - the T phage genome is integrated at a specific site - transduction is selective | there is no limit to the amount of host DNA that can replace phage DNA |
| NOT correct: conjucation - is plasmid encoded - occurs only between closely related bacterial cells - the donor cell contains a conjugative plasmid - the recipient cell does not contain a plasmid | occurs only between closely related bacterial cells |
| NOT correct: F plasmid - contains genes that regulate DNA replication - contains transposable elements that prevent the plasmid from integrating into the host chromosome -contains tra genes that encode transfer functions - uses pili allows pairing | contains transposable elements that prevent the plasmid from integrating into the host chromosome |
| NOT correct: F plasmid - F plasmid is an episome - cells that posses a non-integrated F plasmid are called F+ - cells that posses an integrated F plasmid are Hfr cells - Low rates of genetic recombination occur between genes on the donor | Low rates of genetic recombination occur between genes on the donor (Hfr) and recipient (F-) chromosomes |
| NOT Correct: -when recipient cell is encountered, part of the plasmid is transferred, genes fail to be transferred - after integration, the tra operon functions normally, strain synthesizes pili - homologous, recombination results in integration | when a recipient cell is encountered, after part of the plasmid is transferred, chormosomal genes fail to be transferred |
| Approximately how old is the Earth believed to be? | 4.5 billion years old |
| Evidence for life appeared about... | 4.1 billions years old |
| NOT correct: - conditions would have been less stable on the ocean floor than on dry land - steady abundant supply of energy - geochemistry can support the abiotic production of molecules - mineral structures may have produced compartments for energy | conditions would have been less stable on the ocean floor than on dry land |
| NOT correct: - RNA can bind small molecules (ATP, other nucleotides, etc.) - RNA does not have catalytic, activity, needs to have catalyzed its own synthesis - earliest viruses may have evolved from RNA genome - RNA is part of essential cofactors | RNA does not have catalytic activity, needed to have dcatalyzed its own synthesis |
| NOT compatible with what is believed to be true about the origin or cellular life : - LUCA existed 3.8-3.7 bya, bacteria diverged from original archaea - proteins eventually replaced RNA catalyst - DNA became the genome and template for transcription | The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) existed 3.8-3.7 billion years ago, then bacteria diverged from the original cells, which were archaea |
| NOT compatible with earlier Earth theories: - early Earth was anoxic, energy-generating metabolism was purely aerobic - carbon was obtained from CO2 and microbes evolved ability to use N2 - early forms of chemolithotrophic metabolism | because early Earth was anoxic, energy-generating metabolism of primitive cells was exclusively aerobic |
| NOT correct: - respiring O2 energeneticaly advantageous, reproduce almost as fast as anaerobes could - by 2.4 bya O2 rose to one part per mil. (Great Oxidation Event) - rise of O2 allowed evol. of life to exploit en. from O2 resp. - btwn 2.5 and 3.3 | Respiring O2 was energetically advantageous because of its high reduction potential, allowing aerobes to reproduce almost as fast as anaerobes could |
| NOT correct: -ozone (O3) shield protects the Earth's suurface from UV radiation -formation of the ozone shield began 3bya - before the ozone sheild formed, Earth's surface was inhospitable - ozone shield allowed organisms range over the surface, | formation of the ozone began 3 billion years ago |
| NOT correct: -phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of unrelated DNA sequences - Carl Woese developed in a universal "tree of life" - Carl Woese's work permitted the study of genealogy of life on Earth - Carl Woese showed that first life form | Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of unrelated DNA sequences |
| NOT correct: - genomics support a three-domain concept - 60+ genes are shared by nearly all cells - eukaryotic and bacterial genes share the most similarity - LUCA likely was prokaryotic , with a DNA genome | Eukaryotic and bacterial genes share the most similarity in gene makeup |
| NOT support Endosymbiosis: - contends that mit. in euk. cells arose from stable incorporation of aerobic resp. bacteria - chloroplasts are believed to have risen from cyanobacterium - bacteria-like 80S ribosomes are found in both mit. and chloro. | Bacteria-like 80 S ribosomes are found in both mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| NOT correct - eukaryotes have metabolism similar to those of bacteria - euk. have a cell membr. struct. that is not similar to either bact. or arch - euk. cells have transcription and translation machinery to arch - euk is chimeric and made up of gene | eukaryotes have a cell membrane structure that is not similar to either bacteria or archaea |
| NOT correct - an allele is 1-2(+) alternative forms of genes that arise by mutation - evolution is a change in allele frequencies in a pop. - mutations are non-random changes in DNA sequences occuring over time - most mutations are neutral/delete | mutations are non-random changes in DNA sequences occuring over time |
| NOT correct, Recombination - breaks + rejoins DNA to make new combinations of genetic material - cannot reassort material already present - required for integration or acquired DNA - provides ability to produce progeny and contribute to genetic makeup | cannot reassort material already present |
| NOT correct: genetic drift - deleterious mutations decrease fitness and are retained by natural selection - most mutations are neutral and accumulate over time - beneficial mutations increase fitness are favored - selection is defined by fitness | deleterious mutations decrease fitness are and retained by natural selection |
| NOT correct: Genetic Drift - cannot results in evolution in absence of natural selection - random process that can cause gene frequencies to change over time - most powerful in small pop. and "bottleneck" - more powerful in small pop. severe reduction | cannot result in evolution in the absence of natural selection |
| NOT correct: rhodobacter - in darkness, pigmented strains outcompete nonpigmented - anoxygenic photorophic purple bacterium - anaerobic culture, in light, synthesizes bacteriochlorophyll - in light, gains ATP synthesis from the use of its pigments | in darkness, pigmented strains outcompete nonpigmented strains |
| NOT correct: re: speciation - characteristics of individuals of the same species are similar - DNA sequences changes can be used as a molecular clock - analyses are most reliable if calibrated - nucleotide changers accumulate in proportion to time | characteristics of individuals of the same species are remarkably similar |
| NOT correct: evolution of microbial genomes - prokaryotes seldom sample genes from other microbes through HGT - genomes highly dynamic (can shrink quickly) - about 60+ genese are predicted to universally present in all bact. and archaea | prokaryotes seldom sample genes from other microbes through horizontal gene transfer |
| NOT correct (gene deletion) - far less frequent than gene insertions - nonessential and nonfunction materials commonly deleted over time - genetic drift can promote deletion when pop. is small or bottleneck - streamline genomes or obligate intracell.. | gene deletions are fare less frequent than gene insertions |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the four phyla that includes more than 90% of all characterized genera and species of bacteria? - proteobacteria - actinobacteria - tenericutes - bacteriodetes | tenericutes |
| Which of the following is NOT a class of Proteobacteria? - Alphaproteobacteria - Betaproteobacteria -Gammaproteobacteria -Omniconproteobacteria | Omnicronproteobacteria |
| Rickettsia bacteria NOT correct - obligate intracellular parasite or mutualistic of animals - can be cultured on specialized artificial bacteriologic media - transmitted by ticks, fleas, lice, mites - causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | can be cultured on specialized artificial bacteriologic media |
| Enteric bacteria NOT correct - Escherichia universal inhabitant in GI of humans - Salmonella cause of enteric fever due to an enterotoxin produces creamy foods - shigella causes bacillary dysentery - Salmonella and Shingella pathogenic | Salmonella is the cause of enteric fever due to an enterotoxin it produces in creamy foods |
| Enteric bacteria NOT correct - Escherichia is facultative anaerobes, help to make the large intestine aerobic - E. aerogenes may cause UTI - K. pneumoniae occasionally cause pneumonia - S.erratia bacteria may cause infections in may body sites | Escherichia bacteria are facultative anaerobes that help to make the large intestine aerobic |
| Proteus bacteria NOT correct: - highly motile and capable of swarming - produce a red pigment on agar plates - produce urease - frequent cause of UTI's in humans | produce red pigment on agar plates |
| Pseudomonas NOT correct - aerobic, although some strains are anaerobic - gram-negative, flagellated aerobic rods diverse carbon sources - cause diseases of animals but not plants - P. aeruginosa is associated with opportunistic disease | causes diseases of animals but not of plants |
| Vibrio bacteria NOT correct - facultatively aerobic rods and curved rods that ferment sugars - found in soil and seldom in water - V. cholera causes cholera in humans - V. parahaemolyticus causes gastroenteritis | are found in soil but are seldom found in water |
| Helicobacter and Campylobacter NOT correct - gram-negative , oxidase - and catalase + motile - most strains are not pathogenic to humans and animals - Camp. causes acute gastroenteritis and bloody diarrhea - H. pylori causes gastritis and peptic ulcer | most strains are not pathogenic to humans and animals |
| Lactobacillus NOT correct - fermentative bacteria that produce lactic acid - resistant to acidic conditions , pH of 4 - occasionally pathogenic to humans -widely used in food production and preservation | occasionally pathogenic to humans |
| NOT correct: - Streptococcus important in production of buttermilk, silage, fermented products - Lactococcus genus of dairy sig. and known to be opp. pathogen - Enterococcus: of fecal origin and opportunistic path - Peptococcus are obligate anaerobes | Lactococcus is a genus of dairy significance and is known to be an opportunistic pathogen |
| Streptococcus and Leuconostoc NOT correct - S. pyogenes is beta hemolytic on blood plates, strep throat - S. mutans is alpha hemolytic on blood plates, causes cavities - S. mutans is a member of the viridans strep. group - Leuconostoc is pathogenic | Leuconostoc is pathogenic and produces slime when grown on sucrose as an energy source |
| Listeria NOT correct - member of the Order Bacillales - found widely in soils - opportunistic pathogens - do not grow well at low temp. do not contaminate refrigerated foods | do not grow well at low temperatures, and so do not contaminate refrigerated foods |
| Staphylococcus NOT correct - commensals and opportunistic that do not cause serious infections - catalase +, distiguish them from Strep and lactic acid - resistant to reduced water potential, halotolerant - facultative aerobes that respire | commensals and opportunists that do not cause serious infections in humans |
| Bacillus and Clostridium NOT correct - endospore- forming - found in soils as saprophytes - pathogenic species not saprophytic, rather primarily pathogens of animals and humans - distinguished on basis of cell morphology, shape. cellular position | pathogenic species are not saprophytic, instead are primarily pathogens of animals and humans |
| Mycoplasma NOT correct - lack cell walls and have pleiomorphic - some of the smallest organisms known and have small genomes - strict aerobes with simple metabolic requirments - colonies show a typical "fried egg" apperance | are strict aerobes with simple metabolic requirements |
| Mycobacteria NOT correct - species are among the most pathogenic of all bacterial species known - form tight, compact, wrinkled colonies - cordlike structures are related to the cord factor glycolipid - virulence is correlated to cordlike structure | species are among the most pathogenic of all bacterial species known |
| Streptomyces NOT correct - knowledge of ecology of Streptomyces has been well worked out - over 500 distinct antibiotics are produced by Streptomyces - 50% of all isolated Streptomyces species produce antibiotics - are primarily soil microorganisms, | knowledge of the ecology of Streptomyces has been well worked out |
| Bacteriodes NOT correct - primarily obligate anaerobic fermenters - normally commensals found in human and animals GI - numerically dominant bacterium in human GI - never found to be the cause of any disease | never found to be the cause of any disease |
| Chlamydia NOT correct - obligate intracellular parasites of euk. - life cycle includes 3 types of cells: elementary, reticulate, and tertiary - C. trachomatis causes blindness and STI in humans - C. pneumoniae causes pneumonia | life cycles includes three types of cells: elementary bodies, reticulate bodies, and tertiary bodies |
| symbioses and mutualisms NOT correct -Mutualistic relationship work to the detriment of one org. - microbes live with macroorg. and other microorg. in long term - mutualisms are interactions where both org. interact to benefit - most organisms evolv | Mutualist relationships usually work to the detriment of on of the organisms |
| lichens NOT correct - only establish themselves on living matter - are mutualistic relationships between fungi or algea - provides a structure within the phototrophic partner grows protected - algae are photosynthetic and produce organic matter | lichens can only establish themselves on living matter (eg mss, living tree limb, etc. |
| consortia NOT correct - freshwater, microbial mutualisms called consortia - found in stratified sulfidic lakes - non consortial bacteria have been able to be isolated - consists of central bacterium surrounded by several bacteria of a different specie | so far, no consortial bacteria have been able to be isolated and grown in pure culture |
| NOT correct - consortia are given a "genus species" name - "Chlorochromatium aggregatum" is the name of a consortiom maded of green sulfur - green sulfur bacteriaare oblicate - were discovered over 100 years ago | "Chlorochromatium aggregatum" is the name of a consortium made up of green sulfur bacteria (called endosymbionts) and a flagellated rod-shaped bacterium |
| nitrogen fixation, NOT correct - Rhizobia change shape and are called bacterols -infections of legume roots by nitrogen-fixing leads to formation of root nodules -after infection, rhizobia rapidly divide - bacterial nod genes direct steps in nodule f | Rhizobia bacterial change shape and are called bacterols that form a synthiosome within the root nodule |
| NOT correct root nodule formation - recognition and attachment of bacteria to root hairs - excretion of nod factors by bacteria - formation of bacterol state within plant cells - bacterial invasion of root hairs | formation of a bacterol state within plant cells |
| NOT correct - bioluminescence by the bacteria, controlled by quantum sensing - mutualistic symbiosis between the marine bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri -squid harbors large population of A. fischeri - the bacteria emit light that resembles moonlight | bioluminescence by the bacteria is controlled by a mechanism called quantum sensing |
| NOT correct - vent tube worms harbor several feature s that facilitate growth - chemolithotrophic prokaryotes utilized reduced inorganic materials emitting from vents - divers invertebrate communities develop near vents - deep sea hot springs support | vent tube worms harbor several features that facilitate the growth of their endosymbionts (e.g. an organ called a trophobiome, specialized hemoglobins, and high blood CO2 content) |
| NOT correct entomopathogenic relationships - entomopathogenic, nematodes are found primarily on African continent - researchers are studying nematodes as mech. for biological control - species of gram-negative bacteria Photorhabdus and X . are primary | Entomopathogenic, or insect-killing, nematodes are found primarily on the African continent and infect only a limited range of insects |
| NOT correct marine symbiotic - most ecologically significant are stony coral and dinoflagellate Symbiodiunium - coral harbors dinoflagellate in special vesicles called synthiosomes - coral improves the light gathering capacity - photosynthesis of dino | the coral harbors the dinoflagellates in special vesicles called synthiosomes that are analogous to the nodules structure found in legumes |
| NOT correct - coral ingests dinoflagellates also kills it - free-living juvenile coral ingest dinofla -symbiodinium dinoflagellates are typically found in the egg - corals reproduce sexually releasing gametes into seawater | A coral that ingests dinoflagellates also digest (kills) the particular dinoflagellate of is mutualism |
| coral bleaching NOT correct - completely bleached coral still retains some of its color - different species of symbiodinium tolerate diff. temps - high temp and high light impair photosynthetic - stony coral lost color due to lysis of dinoflagellates | a coral that has been completely bleached still retains some of its color |
| NOT correct -herbivores are animals that consume plants - carnivores are animals that consume meat -omnivores are animals that consume both plants and meat -scavangivors are animals that consume remains of plants and animal matter | scavangivores are animals that consume the remains of plant and animal matter |
| which of the following is NOT and herbivore - cow -horse -pig -sheep | pig |
| NOT correct - microbial associations with certain animals led to an ability to catabolize plant fiber - most animals carry out both foregut and hindgut fermentation - some animals carry out foregut fermentation - some animals carry out hindgut ferment | Most animals carryout both foregut and hindgut fermentations |
| Which one of the following is the order in which food recieved from esophagus and passes through the chambers of a cow - rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum - rumen, reticulum, abomasum, omasum - reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum - reticulum, rumen, | rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum |
| NOT correct: - rumen contains 10^10th to 10^11th microes per liter of rumen - fermentation in the rumen is is mediated by cellulolytic microbes -volatile fatty acids pass through rumen wall into blood stream - fatty acids produced include acetic aci | the rumen contains 10^10th to 10^11th microbes per liter of rumen contents |
| NOT correct - rumen microbes synthesize amino acids - rumen microbes serve as a service of proteins - aerobic bacteria dominate rumen - rumen contains 300-400 bacterial species | aerobic bacteria dominate the rumen |
| NOT correct - acidification of the blood is not of great consequence for the cow - rumen acidification can lead to inflammation of rumen -acidosis can be on consequence of change in diet - abrupt changes in an animal's diet can result in change flora | acidification of blood is not of great consequence for the cow |
| NOT correct -aerobic protists and fungi are abundant in the rumen - many euk. M.O. present perform metabolic reactions -rumen microbes often detoxify plant metabolites - legume Leucaena Leucocphala was toxic to Australian cattle | Aerobic protists and fungi are abundant in rumen |
| NOT correct - all sites on a human that contain microorganisms are part of a microbiome - a microbiome is a functional collection of different microbes in a particular environment - scientists use term microbiome to describe microbes in microhabitat | essentially the same microbes are found in all humans microhabitats |
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