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SOC UNIT 7 TEST 2020
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian Soc. "Education & Health" Test Flashcards 2020
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the term "education" mean/ refer to where Sociology is concerned? | This term means "the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, & cultural values within a formally organized structure". |
| What does the term "cultural transmission" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the process by which children & recent immigrants become acquainted with the dominant cultural beliefs, values, & norms, and accumulated knowledge of a society". |
| What does the term "informal education" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "learning that occurs in a spontaneous, unplanned way". |
| What does the term "formal education" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "learning that takes place within an academic setting such as a school, which has a planned instructional process & teachers who convey specific knowledge, skills, & thinking processes to students". |
| Where did people get their knowledge from in "preliterate societies"? | People living in these got their information from parents and other group members who provided information on survival skills such as gathering food & finding shelter. |
| What does the term "mass education" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the practice of providing free public schooling for wide segments of a nation's population". |
| What did Emile Durkheim think about the purpose of educational systems? | He thought that education was "the influence exercised by adult generations on those who are not yet ready for social life". |
| What are the six (6) manifest functions of education according to Functionalist theorists? | 1.) Socialization; 2.) Transmission of culture; 3.) Multicultural education; 4.) Social Control; 5.) Social placement; 6.) Change & innovation. |
| What are the three (3) latent functions of education according to Functionalist theorists? | 1.) Restricting some activities; 2.) Matchmaking and production of social networks; 3.) Creation of a generation gap. |
| What does the term "latent" mean/ refer to? | This term means "hidden or unstated". |
| What is one (1) "dysfunction" of education according to Functionalist theorists? | This group believes that the high-level skills in reading, writing, science, & math that are needed in the workforce are not being promoted by education systems in the U.S. |
| What do Functionalists advocate for overall where education is concerned? | This group of advocates the importance of establishing a more rigorous academic environment in which students are required to learn the basics that will make them competitive in school & job markets. |
| What do Conflict theorists emphasize where education systems are concerned? | This group emphasizes that schools solidify the privileged position of some groups at the expense of others by perpetuating class, racial - ethnic, & gender inequalities. |
| What does the term "cultural capital" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, & competencies in language and culture". |
| Who came up with the idea of "cultural capital"? | French Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu came up with this idea. |
| According to Conflict theorists, how do schools perpetuate social class? | This group believes that this happens because people in the upper classes have access to higher quality education and that people in lower social classes do not have this same access. |
| List three (3) examples of "cultural capital"? | 1.) "Proper" attitudes toward education; 2.) Socially approved dress & manners; 3.) Knowledge about books, art, music, & other forms of "high & proper culture". |
| What is the relationship between "cultural capital" and education according to Conflict theorists? | Because "Cultural capital" is essential for acquiring an education, children with less "cultural capital" have fewer opportunities to succeed in school. |
| What does the term "tracking" mean/ refer to where education is concerned? | This term refers to "the practice of assigning students specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria". |
| What does the term "detracking" mean/ refer to where education is concerned? | This term refers to the movement that stresses that students should be deliberately placed in classes of mixed ability in order to close the achievement gap among students based on class & race. |
| What does the term "hidden curriculum" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the transmission of cultural values & attitudes, such as conformity & obedience to authority, through implied demands found in rules, routines, & regulations in schools". |
| What does the term "credentialism" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a process of social selection in which class advantage & social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications". |
| What does the term "meritocracy" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability & effort". |
| According to Conflict theorists, what do schools that serve students from primarily low-income households emphasize? | These schools emphasize procedures and rote memorization & do not focus on decision making & choice. |
| According to Conflict theorists, what do schools that serve students from primarily middle-income households emphasize? | These schools emphasize the process (such as figuring and decision making) involved in getting the right answer. |
| According to Conflict theorists, what do schools that serve students from primarily high-income/"affluent" households emphasize? | These schools emphasize creative activities in which students express their own ideas & apply them to the subject under consideration. |
| What does the term "self-fulfilling prophecy" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true". |
| What do Symbolic Interactionists focus on where education is concerned? | This group of theorists focuses on classroom communication patterns & educational practices, such as labeling, which affect students' self-concept & aspirations". |
| What is one (1) way that labeling and self-fulfilling prophecy work in schools according to Symbolic Interactionists? | One (1) way that this works according to this group is through the school's use of IQ tests to place students in ability groups and as a criterion in determining student placement in certain classes in school. |
| What do Postmodernist theorists believe where education is concerned? | This group of theorists believes that "knowledge has become a commodity, & students & their parents are consumers of education in the 21st century". |
| What do Postmodernist theorists believe about knowledge in the 21st century? | This group of theorists believes that "knowledge is now a database, and teaching and learning are primarily about data presentation, stripped of their former humanistic and spiritual associations". |
| What do Postmodernists believe about higher education? | This group of theorists that in the postmodern era, higher education (i.e. colleges & universities) emphasizes how to make themselves more efficient & how to bring themselves into the service of business & industry". |
| Why does unequal funding exist in public schools? | This exists because schools in areas with more expensive homes will benefit from access to more local funding since public schools are funded primarily by local property taxes & state legislature appropriations. |
| What does the term "status dropout rate" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the percentage of people in a specific age range who are not currently enrolled in high school & who do not have a high school degree or equivalent". |
| What does the term "event dropout rate" mean/ refer to where education is concerned? | This term refers to "an estimate of the percentage of both public and private high school students who left high school between the beginning of one school year & the beginning of the next but didn't earn a diploma or GED". |
| According to a study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics in 2010, which two (2) racial - ethnic groups had the highest dropout rate among 16 - 24 year olds? | Hispanic and American Indian/Alaska Native students had the highest rates for this. |
| What was the Supreme Court decision in the "Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)" state? | This decision stated that "separate but equal" (schools in this case) were unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal". |
| What does the term "desegregation" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the abolition of legally sanctioned racial-ethnic segregation". |
| What does the term "integration" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the implementation of specific action to change the racial - ethnic and/or social class composition of the student body" in a school or entire school system. |
| What is one (1) thing that contributes high rates of school segregation? | One (1) thing that contributes to this is racially segregated housing patterns. |
| What is the Americans with Disabilities Act? | This is a law that was passed in 1990 that requires schools to make their facilities, services, activities, & programs accessible to people with disabilities. |
| What was the Supreme Court's decision in the case "Zelman vs. Simmons-Harris" state? | This decision stated that school voucher policies are constitutional because parents have a choice & are not required to send their children to church-affiliated schools. |
| What are "charter schools"? | These are primary & secondary schools that receive public money but are free from some of the day-to-day bureaucracy of a larger school district that may limit classroom performance. |
| Who negotiates the charters that charter schools operate under? | The school's organizers and a sponsor (usually a local school board, a state board of education, or a university) negotiate these. |
| What are two (2) "downsides" to charter schools that we learned about in this unit? | 1.) Some of these schools have high turnover rates, which may be due to family instability, students' socioeconomic status, or some other factor; 2.) Some charter school officials have been accused of misappropriating school funds. |
| What are three (3) reasons that parents often give for choosing to home school their child(ren)? | 1.) Concern about the school environment; 2.) The desire to provide religious or moral instruction; 3.) Dissatisfaction with the academic instruction available at traditional schools. |
| What does the term "affirmative action" mean/ refer to? | This term describes policies or procedures that are intended to promote equal opportunity for categories of people deemed to have been previously excluded from equal education & other fields based on things such as race or ethnicity. |
| What does the term "reverse discrimination" mean/ refer to? | This term describes a situation in which a person who is better qualified is denied enrollment in an educational program or employment in a position because another person got preferential treatment due to affirmative action. |
| What was the purpose behind passing the No child Left Behind (NCLB) law in 2001? | The purpose behind this was to close the achievement gap between rich and poor students by holding schools accountable for students' learning. |
| What are the major problems in higher education? | The major problems for these institutions are the high cost of college education, the underrepresentation of minorities in students & faculty, & funding cuts that affect many schools & degree programs. |
| How does the World Health Organization define "health"? | This group describes it as "a state of complete physical, mental, & social well-being". |
| What does the term "health care" mean/ refer to? | This refers to "any activity intended to improve health". |
| What does the term "medicine" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "an institutionalized system for the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness". |
| What does the term "life expectancy" mean/ refer to? | This refers to "an estimate of the average lifetime of people born in a specific year". |
| What does the term "infant mortality rate" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year". |
| What does the term "social epidemiology" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population". |
| What three (3) things are the targets for "social epidemiologists"? | This group of researchers investigates disease agents, the environment, and the human host. |
| What does the term "chronic diseases" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "illnesses that are long term or lifelong and that develop gradually or are present from birth". |
| What does the term "acute diseases" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "illnesses that strike suddenly and cause dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death". |
| What was the life expectancy for infants born in the U.S. in 2010? | Their life expectancy was 75.7 years for males and 80.8 years for females. |
| What are the four (4) main factors that "social epidemiologists" look at when examining the "human host" in their research? | 1.) Age; 2.) Sex; 3.) Race/ethnicity; 4.) Social class. |
| How does the World Health Organization define the term "disaster"? | This groups defines this term as a "sudden ecological phenomenon of sufficient magnitude to require external assistance". |
| What five (5) lifestyle factors to "social epidemiologists" examine in their research? | 1.) Drug Use and Abuse; 2.) Alcohol; 3.) Nicotine (tobacco); 4.) Illegal Drugs; 5.) Sexually transmitted Diseases. |
| How do "social epidemiologists" and other health researchers and professionals define the term "drug"? | These groups of professionals define the term as "any substance - other than food and water - that, when taken into the body, alters its functioning in some way". |
| According to the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS, what area of the world was the most heavily affected by HIV infections? | This group determined that Sub-Saharan Africa was the area of the world most heavily affected by this disease. |
| How has health care worked in the U.S. throughout its history? | Throughout its history, health care has worked on a "fee-for-service" basis in this country. |
| What are four (4) ways that people living in the U.S. pay for health care services? | 1.) Private health insurance; 2.) Public health insurance; 3.) Health Maintenance Organizations; 4.) Managed Care. |
| What are the two (2) sources of public health insurance available in the U.S.? | 1.) Medicaid; 2.) Medicare. |
| What does the term "Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO's)" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to a system that "provides - for a monthly fee - total care (to a person) with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later". |
| What does the term "managed care" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "any system of cost containment that closely monitors & controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients". |
| What do critics of "third-party fee for service" (i.e. private health insurance) approaches to health care say is a problem with this system? | Critics of this system state that this approach to health care services leads to medical inflation because it gives doctors & hospitals an incentive to to increase medical services provided. (The more services provided the more fees that can be charged.) |
| What does the term "preferred provider organization (PPO)" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "an organization of doctors and hospitals and other health care providers who enter into a contract with an insurer or a 3rd-party administrator to provide health care at a reduced rate to covered patients". |
| According to the U.S. Census Bureau, what two (2) states had the greatest number of uninsured people living in it in 2008? | These two (2) states were Texas and New Mexico. |
| According to the U.S. Census Bureau, what percentage of people living in Indiana were without health insurance in 2008? | 13 to 15.9 percent of the state's people were without health insurance. |
| What does the term "universal health care" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a health care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues". |
| What does the term "socialized medicine" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a health care system in which the government owns the medical care facilities and employs the physicians". |
| How is health care delivered to citizens living in Canada? | Citizens living in this country get their health care through a publicly funded health care system. Services are provided by private entities & are mostly free to patients". |
| According to the 2010 population survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, what group of children is the largest group of children without health insurance? | The group of children in this group would be children living in households in which the annual income is under $25,000 who are between the ages of 12 and 17 whose ethnic/racial background is Hispanic and who are not U.S. citizens. |
| How do people living in Great Britain receive health care? | People living in this country receive health care via a centralized, single-payer health care system that is funded by general revenues. |
| How do people living in the People's Republic of China receive health care? | People living in this country receive health care via a "complex mix of market-driven capitalism, communism, and massive government spending in a "profit-driven fee-for-service" system. |
| What are three (3) social implications of advanced medical technology? | 1.) These create options for people/society, but they alter human relationships; 2.) They increase the cost of medical care; 3.) For situations such as cloning & stem cell research, they raise "provocative questions about the very nature of life". |
| What do Functionalist theorists believe/ state where health care & medicine are concerned? | This group of theorists believes that "if society is to function as a stable system, it is important for people to be healthy and to contribute to their society". |
| What does the term "sick role" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to an idea put forth by Functionalist theorists. It refers to "the set of patterned expectations that defines the norms & values appropriate for individuals who are sick & for those who interact with them". |
| What are the major concerns for Conflict theorists where health care & medicine are concerned? | This group of theorists if concerned with the ability of all people to obtain health care; how race, class, & gender inequalities affect health & health care; and power relationships between doctors & other health care workers. |
| What does the term "medical-industrial complex" mean refer to? | This term refers to an idea put forth by Conflict theorists. It refers to a system that "encompasses local physicians & hospitals as well as global health-related industries such as insurance companies & pharmaceutical & medical supply companies". |
| How do Symbolic Interactionists view health care & medicine? | This group of theorists "attempts to understand the specific meanings & causes that we attribute to particular events". |
| What does the term "medicalization" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the process whereby nonmedical problems become defined and treated as illnesses or disorders". |
| What is one (1) example of "medicalization"? | One (1) example of this is gambling. For many, many years this was seen as a sin and/or a "leisure pursuit". In more recent years it is being seen as a psychological disorder that requires treatment by a mental health care professional. |
| What does the term "demedicalization" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the process whereby a problem ceases to be defined as an illness or a disorder". |
| What is one (1) example of "demedicalization"? | One (1) example of this is the redefining of childbirth and menopause as a natural process rather than as illnesses. |
| How do Postmodernist theorists view health care and medicine? | This group of theorists believes that "doctors gain power through observing patients to gather information, thus appearing to 'speak wisely'". |
| How many categories of mental illness have been identified by the American Psychiatric Association? | This group has identified 11 categories of mental illness. |
| What does the term "deinstitutionalization" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the practice of rapidly discharging patients from mental hospitals into the community". |
| What are the two (2) main ways that mental illnesses are treated? | This type of illness is treated through the use of medications, psychotherapy, or a combination of both of these. |
| What does the term "disability" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits 1 or more major activities that a person would normally do at a given stage of life & that results in stigmatization/ discrimination against the person with a disability". |
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