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Chapter 20
Sociology 3e
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| asylum seekers | those whose claim to refugee status have not been validated |
| cancer cluster | a geographic area with high levels of cancer within its population |
| carrying capacity | the amount of people that can live in a given area considering amount of available resources |
| climate change | long-term shifts in temperature and climate due to human activity |
| concentric zone model | a model of human ecology that views cities as a series of circular rings or zones |
| cornucopian theory | a theory that asserts human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate resources in a growing popluation |
| demographic transition theory | a theory that describes fours stages of population growth, following patterns that connect birth and death rates with stages of industrial development |
| demography | the study of population |
| e-waste | the disposal of broken, obsolete, and worn-out electronics |
| environmental racism | the burdening of economically and socially disadvantaged communities with a disproportionate share of environmental hazards |
| environmental sociology | the sociological subfield hat addresses the relationship between humans the environment |
| exurbs | communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by resident of high socioeconomic status |
| fertility rate | a measure noting the actual number of chidren born |
| fracking | hydraulic fracturing a method used to recover gas and oil from shale by drilling down into the earth and directing a high-pressure mixture of water, sand and proprietary chemicals into the rock |
| gentrification | the entry of upper and middle class residents to city areas or communities that have been historically less affluent |
| human ecology | a functional perspective that looks at the relationship between people and their built and natural environment |
| internally displaced person | someone who fled his or her home while remaining inside the country's border |
| Malthusian theory | a theory asserting that population is controlled through positive checks (war, famine, disease) and preventive checks (measures to reduce fertility) |
| megalopolis | a large urban corridor that encompasses several cities and their surrounding suburbs and exurbs |
| metropolis | the area that includes a city and its suburbs and exurbs |
| mortality rate | a measure of the number of people in a population who die |
| NIMBY | "Not In My Back Yard", the tendency of people to protest poor environmental practices when those practices will affect them directly |
| pollution | the introduction of cantaminants into an environment at levels that are damaging |
| population composition | a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality, and migration rates |
| population pyramid | a graphic representation that depicts population distribution according to age and sex |
| refugee | an individual who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape ware, persecution, or natural disaster |
| sex ration | the ratio of men to women in a given population |
| suburbs | the communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute |
| urban sociology | the subfield of sociology that focuses on the study of urbanization |
| urbanization | the study of the social, political, and economic relationships of cities |
| white flight | the migration of economically secure white people from racially mixed urban areas toward the suburbs |
| zero population growth | a theoretical goal in which the number of people entering a population through birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration |
| sustainable development | development that occurs without depleting or damaging the natural environment |
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